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The first historical study of export control regulations as a tool for the sharing and withholding of knowledge. In this groundbreaking book, Mario Daniels and John Krige set out to show the enormous political relevance that export control regulations have had for American debates about national security, foreign policy, and trade policy since 1945. Indeed, they argue that from the 1940s to today the issue of how to control the transnational movement of information has been central to the thinking and actions of the guardians of the American national security state. The expansion of control over knowledge and know-how is apparent from the increasingly systematic inclusion of universities and research institutions into a system that in the 1950s and 1960s mainly targeted business activities. As this book vividly reveals, classification was not the only—and not even the most important—regulatory instrument that came into being in the postwar era.
February issue includes Appendix entitled Directory of United States Government periodicals and subscription publications; September issue includes List of depository libraries; June and December issues include semiannual index
The deterioration of detente in the wake of the ongoing Soviet arms build-up has sharply focused the East-West trade debate on the question of advanced technology transfer from the United States and its allies to the Soviet bloc. The transfer and acquisition of high technology have become central ingredients in super-power relations and are key elements of any national security policy. President Reagan, among others, has questioned the wisdom of the policies of the 1960s and early 1970s, when trade with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe expanded rapidly. At recent industrial nation summits, conferees of Western countries agreed to high-level review of their East-West technology trade policies. But in light of the apparent West European commitment to continue and expand trade with the East, as exemplified by the Siberian gas pipeline project, and the growing U.S. opposition to such technology transfer, divisions between U.S. and Western trade policies toward the East are likely to become increasingly acute in the years ahead. Professors Bertsch and McIntyre have selected comprehensive and representative articles to examine the question of technology transfer from a variety of perspectives--political, economic, and military- emphasizing both the U.S. and the Western allies' points of view and offering insights into the complex issues raised by the strategic dimensions of East-West trade.
The U.S. national security export controls systemâ€"which was instituted to impede Soviet acquisition of high technology from the Westâ€"is both necessary and appropriate. Balancing the National Interest provides a thorough analysis of this controls system, examining the current system of laws, regulations, international agreements, and organizations that control the international transfer of technology through industrial channels. Foreign Affairs calls it "the best on the subject to have been published in the 40 years that the United States has exercised controls on exports that might add to Soviet power."
Endowed with abundant energy resources, the Soviet Union is the world's largest oil producer and a major exporter of both oil and gas. Energy exports provide over half of Soviet hard-currency receipts, and subsidized energy sales to Eastern Europe are vital tools of Soviet influence in that region. Despite this enviable position, there have been indications in the past few years that the U.S.S.R. may soon face an energy shortage. In addition to examining the significance of U.S. petroleum equipment and technology for Soviet energy development, this book addresses the following questions: First, what opportunities and problems confront the U.S.S.R. in its five primary energy industries-oil, gas, coal, nuclear, and electric power-and what are plausible prospects for these industries in the present decade? Second, what equipment and technology are most needed by the U.S.S.R. in these areas, how much of each has been or is likely to be purchased from the West, and to what extent is the United States the sole or preferred supplier? Third, and perhaps most critical, how much difference could the West as a whole or the United States alone make to Soviet energy availability by 1990, and what are the implications of either providing or withholding such assistance for both the entire Soviet bloc and for the West?