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Three pneumatic tires were used in a laboratory study to compare the performance of dual wheels at zero spacing with the performance of single wheels and to determine the influence of tire spacing on dual-wheel performance. One-pass tests were conducted on air-dry, medium dense to very dense sand. The data were analyzed for powered wheels in terms of pull, torque, and sinkage coefficients and of efficiency, all at 20 percent slip, and for towed wheels in terms of towed force coefficients. The existing WES performance prediction system was used in both cases. Results showed that a powered dual wheel at zero spacing, considered as two wheels sharing equal load and exhibiting equal performance, outperformed a single wheel with the same characteristics as each wheel of the dual-wheel configuration. The performance of powered dual wheels decreased with increasing wheel spacing until the two wheels performed like single wheels. This critical spacing was reached when it became two to three and one-half times the width of one of the wheels. A dual wheel at zero spacing, considered as one wheel, performed practically the same as a single wheel with the same characteristics of the dual-wheel configuration; however, the dual wheel with zero spacing performed more efficiently than the single wheel over a certain range of load, deflection, and soil strength combinations. (Author).
A survey of the state-of-the-art in the evaluation of natural terrain by earth-science techniques and measurement systems is presented in response to a need that existed for many years. This report considers the terrain as an envelope of the environment and all related parameters that are basic in an evaluation for relevant military applications such as unimproved landing areas, trafficability, site selection for operational facilities, terrain reconnaissance and surveillance, and target detection within a masked terrain complex. Methods of terrain-data acquisition, analysis, and evaluation and their limitations are reviewed. The status of research and development, specifying the gaps in technology, is summarized with accompanying conclusions. The report forecasts the requirement for an automated terrain-data acquisition, storage, and display system. Information pertaining to the classification of terrain data, field devices to measure bearing strength, and a visualized optimum remote sensing system is also given in the appendix. A glossary and a comprehensive bibliography are included. (Author).
Contents: Reports from U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station and St. Paul District Hydraulic Laboratory; Reports published and distributed by Waterways Experiment Station for other Corps of Engineers agencies; Engineer manuals.