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This volume examines the interaction between private and public institutions in the trade policy-making process of eight Latin American countries and trade bargaining in sub-regional, hemispheric and multilateral fora. Faced with expanding trade agendas, diversifying negotiation fora, and an uncertain global economy, each country has found its own niche in regional integration and global insertion, providing a wealth of idiosyncratic and convergent policies.
This paper examines the way trade policy is formulated in a representative set of Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela). The first section presents a brief analysis of the main trade reforms applied in the region and their outcomes. Section II discusses how the term "participation" is conceived in the formulation of public policies and the role it plays. Section III analyses participation mechanisms in the selected countries and their main players and the latter's involvement. The last section presents the main conclusions.--Publisher description.
A paper considering the composition of exports as a crucial determinant of the relationship between exports and growth. The trade performance of 16 Latin American countries is examined over the last 20 years, grouping trade data according to the technology used to produce individual goods.
The authors examine the trade policy response of Latin American governments to the rapid growth of China and India in world markets. To explain higher protection in sectors where a large share is imported from these countries, they extend the "protection for sale" model to allow for different degrees of substitutability between domestically produced and imported varieties. The extension suggests that higher levels of protection toward Chinese goods can be explained by high substitutability between domestically produced goods and Chinese goods, whereas lower levels of protection toward goods imported from India can be explained by low substitutability with domestically produced goods. The data support the extension to the "protection for sale" model, which performs better than the original specification in terms of explaining Latin America's structure of protection.
This paper documents and evaluates the process of trade reforms in Latin America from the mid-1980s until 1993. It provides an analytical and historical discussion of the consequences of industrial policies in the region, from the early 1950s when import-substitution ideas were supported by the Economic Commission for Latin America to the 1990s when liberal regimes were embraced. A careful distinction is made between policies based on strict import substitution and policies that combine high and uneven import tariffs with export promotion. Additionally, the role of supporting policies to assure the success of trade liberalization is assessed. Important questions related to the sequencing of economic reform are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on the proper sequencing of stabilization and trade reform policies. The extent of trade reform in Latin America is also discussed. The analysis concentrates on the evolution of productivity and exports, and it deals with several countries' experiences. The role of real exchange rates in the trade liberalization process is studied, and the recent trend towards appreciation observed in many countries in the region is scrutinized. Finally the paper contains an analysis of the recent attempts at reviving regional integration agreements, and of the consequences of the completion of GATT for Latin American nations.
In this innovative synthesis and reconstruction of the role of trade in Latin American development, the author asks what have been the political terms of trade in Latin America, and why have they differed so much from the multilateral and national trade politics of the advanced capitalist countries, especially the United States? He shows, in great detail, how a new conceptual approach to this question can help us to understand why, and with what limits, Latin America now seems ready to accept the mantle of free trade. This book is a unique attempt to link some of the most provocative hypotheses from the literatures of international trade, development, regional economic history, and resource management to national politics in Latin America. It takes a fresh look at old academic questions, critiques the received knowledge on trade, and offers some new data, documents, and indexes. To the standard literature on Latin American trade, the author adds insights and information from other literatures - resource conservation, poverty alleviation, and national development strategies, to name a few. The current trend toward looking at constraints and possibilities in the trade system is reshaped to ask familiar questions in a concrete, empirical way. What changes in development design come from external shock, and under what conditions? Does the pressure of the international system actually force Latin American countries to alter their rates and kinds of natural resource exploitation? Can a political course of export promotion address the debt crisis effectively? Are the multilateral trade negotiations a useful format for Latin American trade and development problems? And, finally, can we sayanything with authority about Latin America as a region?
Bold new economic policies are supplanting traditional notions about the relationship between national and international markets throughout Latin America. Regional integration and neoliberal reforms have combined to overturn more traditional approaches to national development in the region. This volume captures the content of these changes and analyzes their implications for the Western Hemisphere.
Development has been elusive for Latin America in the 1990s. Notwithstanding tough neoliberal reforms, defeated hyperinflation, and large capital inflows, development of productive capacity and social equity shows a poor performance. These selected essays discuss the analytical bases of a pragmatic policy-oriented approach alternative to neoliberalism. They also analyze macroeconomic management, trade and financial liberalization in recent years.