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This article explores the often untapped relationship between trade mark law, language and culture from a cultural theory perspective. Of the few works that employ cultural theory as an interpretive background, there has been an overwhelming rejection that private rights in trade marks should be recognised beyond the current state of the law. Some cultural theorists even suggest that existing trade mark protection goes too far. This article attempts to curb this academic tendency by showing that trade mark rights might not be as harmful to culture and cultural expression as perhaps first thought. In fact, it is argued that a carefully adapted trade mark dilution right might satisfy a cultural public interest in facilitating speech by preventing the dilution of a trade mark's expressive function.
This ground-breaking book demonstrates that states are not attentive enough to the serious human rights implications of trade mark protection. Important rights to freedom of expression, health, life, benefits from science and culture, privacy, a fair trial and protection from discrimination and hate speech are often insufficiently addressed.
Trade Marks: Law and Practice is a concise account of UK trade marks law within the European and international context. This second edition deals with all the relevant domestic and international developments. The text incorporates and analyzes the ongoing amendments to the Trade Marks Act 2004, amendments to the Trade Marks Rules 2000, and the expansion of the system of international registration of trade marks under the Madrid Protocol and the International Trademark Treaty. The appendixes include helpful consolidated versions of the Act and the Rules. The work offers a coherent and logical analysis of the legal framework in which trade marks operate. It considers the commercial functions of trade marks and how to use them, how to protect trade marks, and the process of registration, licensing, and assignment.
The introduction in Europe in 1996 of the Community trade mark (CTM) brought into being a new and independent trade mark system with its own sources of law, its own procedures, and its own administrative and judicial bodies, notably the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), the agency designated to process applications for the registration of CTMs. In 2011, OHIM for the first time received 100,000 applications in one and the same year – which was also the year in which the one millionth application was filed. Case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the European General Court (EGC) on the interpretation of the Trade Mark Regulation and the Trade Mark Directive is – together with decisions of OHIM and its Boards of Appeals – absolutely central to the understanding of Community trade mark law, including the trade mark laws of Member States. This book offers an in-depth scrutiny, categorization, and analysis of this extensive body of case law. Focusing on issues of practical relevance for practitioners, the chapters cover such aspects of Community trade mark law as the following: • OHIM's procedure for registration; • the appeals system (OHIM's Boards of Appeals, the EGC, and the ECJ); • trade mark strategies; • absolute and relative grounds for refusal; • three-dimensional trade marks; • non-registered national trade marks and registration in bad faith; • trade marks with a reputation; • acquired distinctiveness; • trade mark functions and use as a trade mark; • limitations of exclusivity; • nature and extent of genuine use; • grounds for revocation and invalidity; • transfer of trade marks and licensing; • national trade mark courts. Also covered are the pending and proposed amendments to the Trade Mark Regulation and the Trade Mark Directive. This book covers in depth the practical applications of this important and much-used body of law. It will be of enormous value and benefit to company lawyers, attorneys, trade mark attorneys, and anyone else dealing with trade mark law, whether on a Community level or nationally.
This book is concerned with the nature and function of modern trademarks,a subject which has been surprisingly ignored by contemporary writers. There is a large and quite technical body of rules which regulate when people may use particular symbols in a particular way. These are the symbols which permeate everyday life, and which, from time to time, become cultural icons. There is also a large body of writing on the economic functions of trademarks. The aim of this book is to offer a systematic examination of the function of trademarks and the purpose of the law protecting trademarks within the context of the economic function of this branch of the law. One of the main premises on which the work proceeds is that the modern trademark is a creature of the post-industrial consumer society that has been protected for fear of the anticipated consequences of not providing protection. This forms the backdrop to a careful examination of the law of trademarks and related areas, such as merchandising, brand advertising, trade dress protection and comparative advertising, and informs the author's legal analysis and conclusions.
Trade Marks, Brands and Competitiveness brings together scholars from a variety of disciplines to provide a critical account of the contribution of branding to economic growth, the relationship between trademark law and brand strategy, and the building and repositioning of individual brands as case studies in the effects of competition.