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Pakistan's military, which has directly controlled the country's affairs for more than half of its post-independence history and which often retained real political power even during periods of democratic rule, has played a significant role in trade liberalisation. Regional disparities have increased since the beginning of major trade liberalisation attempts in the 1980s and at present, regional conflicts and the associated regional disparities are extremely high. The authors critically review the country's post-independence political economy of trade liberalisation, the resulting structural change and the story of regional disparities, identifying possible relations with political regimes. Using a regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the effects of trade liberalisation on regional disparities are quantitatively examined, with an emphasis on the key export industries at a national level and on the relative output and employment growth at a regional level. In the first study to distinguish a possible link between trade liberalisation and regional disparities under dissimilar political regimes, such as autocracy and democracy, Butt and Bandara use Pakistan as a case study to draw broader lessons for other developing countries. This book will be of interest to academics, economists, political analysts and policymakers interested in development economics in general and South Asia in particular.
This is the first study to distinguish a possible link between trade liberalisation and regional disparities under dissimilar political regimes, such as autocracy and democracy. It uses Pakistan as a case study to draw broader lessons for other developing countries.
Pakistan’s military, which has directly controlled the country’s affairs for more than half of its post-independence history and which often retained real political power even during periods of democratic rule, has played a significant role in trade liberalisation. Regional disparities have increased since the beginning of major trade liberalisation attempts in the 1980s and at present, regional conflicts and the associated regional disparities are extremely high. The authors critically review the country's post-independence political economy of trade liberalisation, the resulting structural change and the story of regional disparities, identifying possible relations with political regimes. Using a regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the effects of trade liberalisation on regional disparities are quantitatively examined, with an emphasis on the key export industries at a national level and on the relative output and employment growth at a regional level. In the first study to distinguish a possible link between trade liberalisation and regional disparities under dissimilar political regimes, such as autocracy and democracy, Butt and Bandara use Pakistan as a case study to draw broader lessons for other developing countries. This book will be of interest to academics, economists, political analysts and policymakers interested in development economics in general and South Asia in particular.
This study is aimed to examine relationship between after school education and economic growth, and between trade liberalization and economic growth using time series data for Pakistan from 1972 to 2012. On one side trade liberalization destruct the economic growth and on the other side after school education plays vital role to improve economic growth in Pakistan. This study uses three education levels (college, professional colleges and university education) and health expenditure as helping variable. Johanson Cointegraation shows that there is long run negative relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth in Pakistan. Also, it shows long run positive relationship between all three education levels and economic growth, health expenditure and economic growth. The short run results validate the long run relationships checked by error correction model. Finally, the study recommends that the education policy may implement in a way to extend its benefits to poor masses. This may be achieved through improvements in managerial and planning skills at district and provincial levels. Rise in budgets share of education may be utilized on long run projects, capacity development and availability of technical experts. On the trade side, imports of consumer durables must be reduced and exports must be enhanced through switching from agriculture to manufacturing and services sectors.