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Revolutionized by the growing use of fossil fuels and electricity and the reduced costs of transportation and communications, international trade and migration has received an unprecedented boost in recent years. Using a theory of economic and political gravitation, backed up with both quantitative analysis and qualitative description, Mosk argues that the tendency for trade and migration to flow together is tempered by market forces and political resistance to diversity in migration. This results in a glaring paradox: the political arenas of nation states are divided between embracing and opposing diversity in immigration, the same immigration flows their own policies helped create. A remarkable volume, this book will be invaluable to students of economics demographic historians, policy makers and political scientists.
Now with more balanced coverage of Western and non-Western regions, this leading text has been revised and updated with the latest theories, policy information, and interdisciplinary research. The book explores the causes, dynamics, and consequences of international population movements, as well as the experiences of migrants themselves. Chapters examine migration trends and patterns in all major world regions, how migration transforms both destination and origin societies, and the effects of migration and increasing ethnic diversity on national identity and politics. Useful pedagogical features include boxed case studies; extensive tables, graphs, and maps; end-of-chapter Guides to Further Reading; and a companion website with additional case studies, interactive flashcards, and other resources for students and instructors.--
American historians have long been fascinated by the "peopling" of North America in the seventeenth century. Who were the immigrants, and how and why did they make their way across the ocean? Most of the attention, however, has been devoted to British immigrants who came as free people or as indentured servants (primarily to New England and the Chesapeake) and to Africans who were forced to come as slaves. Trade in Strangers focuses on the eighteenth century, when new immigrants began to flood the colonies at an unprecedented rate. Most of these immigrants were German and Irish, and they were coming primarily to the middle colonies via an increasingly sophisticated form of transport. Wokeck shows how first the German system of immigration, and then the Irish system, evolved from earlier, haphazard forms into modern mass transoceanic migration. At the center of this development were merchants on both sides of the Atlantic who organized a business that enabled them to make profitable use of underutilized cargo space on ships bound from Europe to the British North American colonies. This trade offered German and Irish immigrants transatlantic passage on terms that allowed even people of little and modest means to pursue opportunities that beckoned in the New World. Trade in Strangers fills an important gap in our knowledge of America's immigration history. The eighteenth-century changes established a model for the better-known mass migrations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which drew wave after wave of Europeans to the New World in the hope of making a better life than the one they left behind—a story that is familiar to most modern Americans.
"Extends the concept of the Middle Passage to encompass the expropriation of people across other maritime and inland routes. No previous book has highlighted the diversity and centrality of middle passages, voluntary and involuntary, to modern global history."—Kenneth Morgan, author of Slavery and the British Empire "This volume extends the now well-established project of 'Atlantic World Studies' beyond its geographic and chronological frames to a genuinely global analysis of labour migration. It is a work of major importance that sparkles with new discoveries and insights."—Rick Halpern, co-editor of Empire and Others: British Encounters with Indigenous Peoples, 1600-1850
The various manifestations of coerced labour between the opening up of the Atlantic world and the formal creation of Haiti.
The term 'relocation cost' has been coined by Philip Curtin to refer to the increased mortality associated with the migration of people from their childhood disease environments to new ones. He and others have quantified this cost for a number of migrant populations, notably Africans in the transatlantic slave trade and European tropps posted overseas. The papers in this volume, extend this research agenda by quantifying and analyzing the mortality suffered by other migrant groups, both on their voyage and after their arrival at their destination. The first three studies deal with free and convict European migration to Australia; the following ones with movements of indentured labour, from the mid 19th to the present century: Chinese, African, Pacific Islander, and above all the migration of Indian labour across half of the globe. The collection is introduced by a new essay, setting out the historical context and significance of this research.
Examining the varied causes of migration, and evaluating the historical impact of relocated peoples on their new homelands, this book focuses on the fate of migrants, the reasons for their relocation and their contributions to new cultural and environmental settings.
About 55 million Europeans migrated to the New World between 1850 and 1914, landing in North and South America and in Australia. This mass migration marked a profound shift in the distribution of global population and economic activity. In this book, Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson describe the migration and analyze its causes and effects. Their study offers a comprehensive treatment of a vital period in the modern economic development of the Western world. Moreover, it explores questions that we still debate today: Why does a nation's emigration rate typically rise with early industrialization? How do immigrants choose their destinations? Are international labor markets segmented? Do immigrants "rob" jobs from locals? What impact do migrants have on living standards in the host and sending countries? Did mass migration make an important contribution to the catching-up of poor countries on rich? Did it create a globalization backlash? This work takes a new view of mass migration. Although often bold and controversial in method, it is the first to assign an explicitly economic interpretation to this important social phenomenon. The Age of Mass Migration will be useful to all students of migration, and to anyone interested in economic growth and globalization.
Discover how the migration of peoples has shaped the modern world. This beautifully illustrated book details the movement of people and cultures around the world – from the early migrations of Homo erectus out of Africa 50,000 years ago to modern refugee movements and migrations. Through vibrant photographs, illustrations, and maps, Migrations explores famous (and infamous) movements in history, from the Middle Passage and Trail of Tears to the California Gold Rush, the Italian diaspora, and the Windrush generation. While many traditional world histories focus on (mainly European) “exploration” and “discovery,” Migrations explores the story of each continent and focuses on cultures rather than conquest. Migrations highlights the human story and the positives: what has survived, not just what was destroyed. Migrations is a history book with a fresh perspective, focusing on a topic ever more relevant in the modern world: Where did we come from? And what brought us here?
Reveals how global trade shaped early modern economic, social and political development, and inaugurated the first era of globalization.