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Across the United States, thousands of hazardous waste sites are contaminated with chemicals that prevent the underlying groundwater from meeting drinking water standards. These include Superfund sites and other facilities that handle and dispose of hazardous waste, active and inactive dry cleaners, and leaking underground storage tanks; many are at federal facilities such as military installations. While many sites have been closed over the past 30 years through cleanup programs run by the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. EPA, and other state and federal agencies, the remaining caseload is much more difficult to address because the nature of the contamination and subsurface conditions make it difficult to achieve drinking water standards in the affected groundwater. Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites estimates that at least 126,000 sites across the U.S. still have contaminated groundwater, and their closure is expected to cost at least $110 billion to $127 billion. About 10 percent of these sites are considered "complex," meaning restoration is unlikely to be achieved in the next 50 to 100 years due to technological limitations. At sites where contaminant concentrations have plateaued at levels above cleanup goals despite active efforts, the report recommends evaluating whether the sites should transition to long-term management, where risks would be monitored and harmful exposures prevented, but at reduced costs.
This document is a compendium of scientifically valid and accepted methods that can be used to assess sediment quality and predict ecological impacts...the intent here is to provide the most useful overall measures or predictors of ecological impacts currently in use rather than procedures that may have limited application outside of a particular regulatory framework... parag The information provided in the compendium on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the different assessment methods can provide assistance in selecting the appropriate methods.
A Few Good Men, Too Many Chemicals is the nonfiction story of U.S. Marines who were exposed to organic solvents, benzene, radiation, and other carcinogens in drinking water and through dermal contact and inhalation while working without protective clothing and face masks with toxic chemicals. Thousands of veterans and their families were once stationed at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, CA, an EPA Superfund site and the premier Marine Corps jet fighter base until closed in July 1999. At Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, NC, another EPA Superfund site, the base wells were contaminated with organic solvents and benzene from 1953 to 1987 with an estimated one million people exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene and other toxic chemicals. Legislation to provide health care for Camp Lejeune, an active military installation, was passed in the 112th Congress. Lejeune veterans are eligible for VA health care and disability compensation for 8 of 15 health conditions approved for VA health care coverage. Many veterans have died without 'connecting the dots' between their killing diseases and military service. There is no VA health care and presumptive disability compensation for El Toro veterans. They have to fight the battle for VA benefits one Marine at a time. A Few Good Men, Too Many Chemicals documents the denial of responsibility and the cover-up by Marine Corps leadership of environmental contamination from veterans, their dependents, and the public at El Toro and Camp Lejeune. At El Toro, these include no usage records on TCE and other organic solvents used on the base for decades; Marine Corps' denial of ownership for 16 years of a major TCE plume spreading for miles into Orange County until a lawsuit forced the government to accept responsibility; the unexplained loss of all of the original well construction drawings (permanent records) and the loss of over 40 years of water distribution engineering drawings; no records on the dates the base wells were abandoned but several engineering drawings showed the base wells part of the water distribution system after the purchase of a municipal water services contract; unexplained cut-off of pumping records when the base wells were clearly shown as not abandoned in engineering drawings; a radiation contaminated hangar shuddered and sealed until November 2018, years after the Navy reported the hangar free of radiation. At El Toro, 55-gallon drums of TCE waste were buried on the base for years to hide them from the Marine Corps Inspector General after their use was not authorized; the entire set of water distribution engineering drawings redrawn in 1986, the year after TCE was found in agricultural wells on and off the base and during the period when 10 Camp Lejeune's wells were found contaminated with TCE and abandoned; an El Toro Marine dead from Agent Orange exposure who never served in Vietnam; the dead Marine transported empty 55-gallon drums to the base's landfills; other Marines reported use of Agent Orange to spray the fence line to kill vegetation growth. Over 900 acres of the former base transferred to the FAA. After the determination that El Toro was not suitable as a civilian airport, the FAA passed ownership to the FBI. A Few Good Men, Too Many Chemicals reports the contaminants of concern at El Toro and Lejeune, the health effects of exposure to them as determined by the government and 130 other military bases that EPA identified as Superfund sites--the most toxic environmental sites in the U.S.
Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.