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This collection of photographs of the water towers of New York City are not only a tribute to these iconic structures of the city’s landscape, but also a pretext to explore hidden details of its architecture. Rooftop water towers are an unique opportunity to experiment with shapes, forms and textures, a frequent component of my photographic quest. Inspired by famous paintings like Edward Hopper’s “Rooftop” (1926), and by the ever changing architectural scene, I focused my attention on the cylindrical wooded structures and framed them with the surrounding buildings. This a is a collection of many years of walking the streets of New York with my camera.Water is our most precious natural resource. New York City’s skyline is dotted with wooden water towers, the result of a 19th century’s law requiring all buildings taller than six stories to be equipped with a rooftop water tank. This was necessary to prevent the need for excessively high pressures at lower elevations, which could burst pipes. Pressure in the city’s pipes can take water up only about half a dozen stories, so a higher building needs either a pumping system or a system of tanks. A water tower seemed like the better solution, since it also provides emergency storage for fire protection. A water tower store 25,000 to 50,000 liters of water until it is needed in the building below. The upper portion of water is skimmed off the top for everyday use while the water in the bottom of the tower is held in reserve to fight fire. When the water drops below a certain level, a pressure switch, level switch or float valve activate a pump or open a public water line to refill the water tower. Even today, no sealant is used to hold the water in. The wooden walls are held together with cables but leak through the gaps when first filled. As the water saturates, the wood swells, the gaps close and the tank become impermeable.
Twort's Water Supply, Seventh Edition, has been expanded to provide the latest tools and techniques to meet engineering challenges over dwindling natural resources. Approximately 1.1 billion people in rural and peri-urban communities of developing countries do not have access to safe drinking water. The mortality from diarrhea-related diseases amounts to 2.2 million people each year from the consumption of unsafe water. This update reflects the latest WHO, European, UK, and US standards, including the European Water Framework Directive. The book also includes an expansion of waste and sludge disposal, including energy and sustainability, and new chapters on intakes, chemical storage, handling, and sampling. Written for both professionals and students, this book is essential reading for anyone working in water engineering. - Features expanded coverage of waste and sludge disposal to include energy use and sustainability - Includes a new chapter on intakes - Includes a new chapter on chemical storage and handling
Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
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