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Site 21 at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma was selected as a demonstration site for the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group approach for establishing Risk Based Screening Levels. The site had been previously characterized using conventional analyses and was recommended for natural attenuation. Contaminants included JP-4 and diesel fuels. Groundwater and soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Direct Method, specified by the Working Group. A Tier I risk assessment was performed to determine clean-up levels. Average site concentrations did not exceed the average Risk Based Screening Levels. The bulk of the contaminated soil has not weathered significantly, but the recommendation for natural attenuation was confirmed.
A demonstration of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group (TPHCWG) approach for assessing human health risk at weathered petroleum release sites was performed at a former above ground storage fuel farm (FF) located at Dobbins Air Force Base, Marietta, Georgia. The fuel farm was used to store and dispense jet petroleum (JP) fuel, blend numbers 4, 5 and S (i.e., JP-4, JP-5 and JP-8) over a period of approximately 40 years, from the mid l950s through the early 1990s. Use of the FF was discontinued in 1993. A preliminary site characterization survey performed in 1997 detected total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) at concentrations ranging from 517 mg/kg to 2,239 mg/kg in four of eight grab samples of soil. A total of 15 primary soil samples were collected at depths ranging from 1.0 to 8.5 feet belowground surface to support the TPHCWG demonstration. Grab samples collected in Encore samplers from the sampling interval were analyzed by International Technology (IT) Corp. (EMAX Lab, Inc.) for TPH gasoline range orgaincs (GRO) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). Soil composited from the sampling interval was split and subsequently analyzed by EMAX Lab for TPH diesel range organincs (DRO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and by Operational Technologies (OpTech) Corp (Lancaster Laboratories) for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons fractions.
A demonstration of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group approach for risk assessment was conducted on two former underground storage tank sites (Sites 380A and 529) at the Marine Corps Air Station in El Toro, CA. Site 380A is impacted by diesel fuel and Site 529 is primarily impacted by heating oil, as well as some lighter fuels. Samples were collected in side-by-side brass sleeves and submitted to different laboratories for fractionation (Direct Method) analysis and conventional total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis, specifically EPA Modified 8015. The results of the conventional method were consistently two to three times higher than the results from the fractionation analysis. In addition, the Direct Method yielded volatile aromatic fractions concentrations that differed from the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) analyses (EPA Method 8020). The reason for the discrepancies are not clear but may be due to intralaboratory variability. The RBSLs developed for both sites were higher than current state criteria with the exception of the RBSLs for the indoor air pathway. It was found that detection limits, particularly for the lightest aromatic fractions (EC5-8), dramatically affect the RBSLs pathways requiring partitioning. In effect, by using half the detection limit, nondetects in the EC5-8 aromatics contributed 20% of the risk for the indoor air pathway. The effect on the leaching pathway was similar. The sensitivity of the RBSLs to EC5-8 detection limits warrants additional BTEX analysis as part of the protocol for assessing risks.
Provides a detailed background of the technologies available for the bioremediation of contaminated soil & ground water. Prepared for scientists, consultants, regulatory personnel, & others who are associated in some way with the restoration of soil & ground water at hazardous waste sites. Also provides insights to emerging technologies which are at the research level of formation, ranging from theoretical concepts, through bench scale inquiries, to limited field-scale investigations. 95 tables & figures.
Written by leading soil and ground-water remediation scientists, Handbook of Bioremediation presents information regarding the processes, application, and limitations of using remediation technologies to restore contaminated soil and ground water. It covers field-tested technologies, site characterization requirements for each remediation technology, and the costs associated with their implementation. In addition to discussions and examples of developed technologies, the book provides insights into technologies ranging from theoretical concepts to limited field-scale investigations. In situ remediation systems, air sparging and bioventing, the use of electron acceptors other than oxygen, natural bioremediation, and the introduction of organisms into the subsurface are among the specific topics covered in this invaluable handbook.
"Science tends to generalize, and generaliza tions mean simplifications . . . . And generaliza tions are also more satisfying to the mind than details. Of course, details and generalizations must be in proper balance: Generalizations can be reached only from details, while it is the generalization which gives value and interest to the detail:' . . . (A. Szent-Gyorgy, Science 1964) The first edition of this book, published in German as Tabak abhiingigkeit in 2001, was prompted by the fact that no single volume was available in Germany or elsewhere summarising the adverse repercussions of cigarette smoking on human health. As far as my own research was able to ascertain, the last comprehensive work dealing with this subject was writ ten in Germany by the Dresden internist, F. Lickint, whose Tabak und Organismus was published in 1939 by the Hip pokrates-Verlag. All subsequent monographs in this field have tended to focus on detailed aspects, and there has been no shortage of publications on subjects such as how smokers can quit smoking, healthy eating for smokers etc. Friends and colleagues abroad have urged me to prepare an English language version of Tabakabhiingigkeit. In gladly complying with this suggestion, I have intentionally prepared an up dated and slightly enlarged new edition, taking account of the rapidly proliferating literature on the subject up to the start of 2002. The harmful sequelae of smoking are played down by politicians in many industrialised countries, including Ger many.