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A demonstration of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group (TPHCWG) approach for assessing human health risk at weathered petroleum release sites was performed at a former above ground storage fuel farm (FF) located at Dobbins Air Force Base, Marietta, Georgia. The fuel farm was used to store and dispense jet petroleum (JP) fuel, blend numbers 4, 5 and S (i.e., JP-4, JP-5 and JP-8) over a period of approximately 40 years, from the mid l950s through the early 1990s. Use of the FF was discontinued in 1993. A preliminary site characterization survey performed in 1997 detected total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) at concentrations ranging from 517 mg/kg to 2,239 mg/kg in four of eight grab samples of soil. A total of 15 primary soil samples were collected at depths ranging from 1.0 to 8.5 feet belowground surface to support the TPHCWG demonstration. Grab samples collected in Encore samplers from the sampling interval were analyzed by International Technology (IT) Corp. (EMAX Lab, Inc.) for TPH gasoline range orgaincs (GRO) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). Soil composited from the sampling interval was split and subsequently analyzed by EMAX Lab for TPH diesel range organincs (DRO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and by Operational Technologies (OpTech) Corp (Lancaster Laboratories) for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons fractions.
A demonstration of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group (TPHCWG) approach for assessing human health risk at weathered petroleum release sites was performed at a former underground storage tank (UST) release site at Elmendorf Air Force Base (EAFB), Alaska. The site, ST702/8, Military Airlift Command (MAC) Chalet (Building 31562), a recreational cabin, is impacted by diesel fuel. A total of ten soil samples were obtained at depths to 12 feet below the ground surface (bgs). The soil samples were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as TPH gasoline range organics (GRO) and TPH diesel range organics (DRO), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and petroleum fractions. Six of the ten primary soil samples contained TPH DRO concentrations above the Alaska Method Two cleanup standard for petroleum migration to groundwater (250 mg/kg). RBSLs were calculated for a recreational and a commercial exposure scenario. For the recreational scenario, only one soil sample exceeded the Tier 1 total TPH RBSL (955 mg/kg). For the commercial exposure scenario four of the site soil samples contained TPH in concentrations that exceeded the Tier 1 total TPH RBSL for the subsurface soil indoor vapor inhalation pathway. Higher tier (Tier 2) risk evaluations are recommended for select data before any remedial actions are imposed.
Site 21 at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma was selected as a demonstration site for the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group approach for establishing Risk Based Screening Levels. The site had been previously characterized using conventional analyses and was recommended for natural attenuation. Contaminants included JP-4 and diesel fuels. Groundwater and soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Direct Method, specified by the Working Group. A Tier I risk assessment was performed to determine clean-up levels. Average site concentrations did not exceed the average Risk Based Screening Levels. The bulk of the contaminated soil has not weathered significantly, but the recommendation for natural attenuation was confirmed.
A Phase I visit to Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, was undertaken to brief base environmental management and State representative on the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group approach for establishing Risk Based Screening Levels at petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. The Phase I visit also included review and evaluation of several potential candidate sites for the demonstration of the approach. The Underground Storage Tank Site 70, a JP-4 and JP-8 spill site, was chosen as the most viable candidate for the demonstration project. Data on the history, physical setting, and previous investigations at the site were collected and a work plan developed for the site.
A demonstration of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group approach for risk assessment was conducted on two former underground storage tank sites (Sites 380A and 529) at the Marine Corps Air Station in El Toro, CA. Site 380A is impacted by diesel fuel and Site 529 is primarily impacted by heating oil, as well as some lighter fuels. Samples were collected in side-by-side brass sleeves and submitted to different laboratories for fractionation (Direct Method) analysis and conventional total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis, specifically EPA Modified 8015. The results of the conventional method were consistently two to three times higher than the results from the fractionation analysis. In addition, the Direct Method yielded volatile aromatic fractions concentrations that differed from the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) analyses (EPA Method 8020). The reason for the discrepancies are not clear but may be due to intralaboratory variability. The RBSLs developed for both sites were higher than current state criteria with the exception of the RBSLs for the indoor air pathway. It was found that detection limits, particularly for the lightest aromatic fractions (EC5-8), dramatically affect the RBSLs pathways requiring partitioning. In effect, by using half the detection limit, nondetects in the EC5-8 aromatics contributed 20% of the risk for the indoor air pathway. The effect on the leaching pathway was similar. The sensitivity of the RBSLs to EC5-8 detection limits warrants additional BTEX analysis as part of the protocol for assessing risks.