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This book explains advanced theoretical and application-related issues in grammatical inference, a research area inside the inductive inference paradigm for machine learning. The first three chapters of the book deal with issues regarding theoretical learning frameworks; the next four chapters focus on the main classes of formal languages according to Chomsky's hierarchy, in particular regular and context-free languages; and the final chapter addresses the processing of biosequences. The topics chosen are of foundational interest with relatively mature and established results, algorithms and conclusions. The book will be of value to researchers and graduate students in areas such as theoretical computer science, machine learning, computational linguistics, bioinformatics, and cognitive psychology who are engaged with the study of learning, especially of the structure underlying the concept to be learned. Some knowledge of mathematics and theoretical computer science, including formal language theory, automata theory, formal grammars, and algorithmics, is a prerequisite for reading this book.
The problem of inducing, learning or inferring grammars has been studied for decades, but only in recent years has grammatical inference emerged as an independent field with connections to many scientific disciplines, including bio-informatics, computational linguistics and pattern recognition. This book meets the need for a comprehensive and unified summary of the basic techniques and results, suitable for researchers working in these various areas. In Part I, the objects of use for grammatical inference are studied in detail: strings and their topology, automata and grammars, whether probabilistic or not. Part II carefully explores the main questions in the field: What does learning mean? How can we associate complexity theory with learning? In Part III the author describes a number of techniques and algorithms that allow us to learn from text, from an informant, or through interaction with the environment. These concern automata, grammars, rewriting systems, pattern languages or transducers.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium on Grammatical Inference, ICGI 2000, held in Lisbon, Portugal in September 2000. The 24 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 35 submissions. The papers address topics like machine learning, automata, theoretical computer science, computational linguistics, pattern recognition, artificial neural networks, natural language acquisition, computational biology, information retrieval, text processing, and adaptive intelligent agents.
State of the Art on Grammatical Inference Using Evolutionary Method presents an approach for grammatical inference (GI) using evolutionary algorithms. Grammatical inference deals with the standard learning procedure to acquire grammars based on evidence about the language. It has been extensively studied due to its high importance in various fields of engineering and science. The book's prime purpose is to enhance the current state-of-the-art of grammatical inference methods and present new evolutionary algorithms-based approaches for context free grammar induction. The book's focus lies in the development of robust genetic algorithms for context free grammar induction. The new algorithms discussed in this book incorporate Boolean-based operators during offspring generation within the execution of the genetic algorithm. Hence, the user has no limitation on utilizing the evolutionary methods for grammatical inference. Discusses and summarizes the latest developments in Grammatical Inference, with a focus on Evolutionary Methods Provides an understanding of premature convergence as well as genetic algorithms Presents a performance analysis of genetic algorithms as well as a complete look into the wide range of applications of Grammatical Inference methods Demonstrates how to develop a robust experimental environment to conduct experiments using evolutionary methods and algorithms
This book provides a thorough introduction to the subfield of theoretical computer science known as grammatical inference from a computational linguistic perspective. Grammatical inference provides principled methods for developing computationally sound algorithms that learn structure from strings of symbols. The relationship to computational linguistics is natural because many research problems in computational linguistics are learning problems on words, phrases, and sentences: What algorithm can take as input some finite amount of data (for instance a corpus, annotated or otherwise) and output a system that behaves "correctly" on specific tasks? Throughout the text, the key concepts of grammatical inference are interleaved with illustrative examples drawn from problems in computational linguistics. Special attention is paid to the notion of "learning bias." In the context of computational linguistics, such bias can be thought to reflect common (ideally universal) properties of natural languages. This bias can be incorporated either by identifying a learnable class of languages which contains the language to be learned or by using particular strategies for optimizing parameter values. Examples are drawn largely from two linguistic domains (phonology and syntax) which span major regions of the Chomsky Hierarchy (from regular to context-sensitive classes). The conclusion summarizes the major lessons and open questions that grammatical inference brings to computational linguistics. Table of Contents: List of Figures / List of Tables / Preface / Studying Learning / Formal Learning / Learning Regular Languages / Learning Non-Regular Languages / Lessons Learned and Open Problems / Bibliography / Author Biographies
How do hearers manage to understand speakers? And how do speakers manage to shape hearers' understanding? Lepore and Stone show that standard views about the workings of semantics and pragmatics are unsatisfactory. They advance an alternative view which better captures what is going on in linguistic communication.
This book focuses on grammatical inference, presenting classic and modern methods of grammatical inference from the perspective of practitioners. To do so, it employs the Python programming language to present all of the methods discussed. Grammatical inference is a field that lies at the intersection of multiple disciplines, with contributions from computational linguistics, pattern recognition, machine learning, computational biology, formal learning theory and many others. divThough the book is largely practical, it also includes elements of learning theory, combinatorics on words, the theory of automata and formal languages, plus references to real-world problems. The listings presented here can be directly copied and pasted into other programs, thus making the book a valuable source of ready recipes for students, academic researchers, and programmers alike, as well as an inspiration for their further development.>
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Grammatical Inference, ICGI 2010, held in Valencia, Spain, in September 2010. The 18 revised full papers and 14 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The topics of the papers presented vary from theoretical results about the learning of different formal language classes (regular, context-free, context-sensitive, etc.) to application papers on bioinformatics, language modelling or software engineering. Furthermore there are two invited papers on the topics grammatical inference and games and molecules, languages, and automata.
Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms provides the first rigorous mathematical and computational basis for this important area.
Concepts such as dependability/generalization and inferences are dealt with implicitly or explicitly in any research undertaken in applied linguistics. This volume provides a well-balanced and cross-disciplinary perspective on how researchers conceptualize inferences about learner acquisition and performances as well as dependability and generalizability of findings. The book is a collection of chapters by prominent researchers in applied linguistics, working in diverse domains such as vocabulary, syntax, discourse analysis, SLA, and language testing. The goal of the book is to bring attention to these issues, which underpin much of applied linguistics research and to highlight what is considered good practice so as to buttress confidence in the research claims made. The book represents current thinking on fundamental research concepts in applied linguistics and can be used as a textbook in courses on research methodology in applied linguistics. The book is also an excellent source of in-depth analysis of research conceptualization for applied linguistics researchers and graduate students.