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Since 1945, the United States has manufactured and deployed more than 70,000 nuclear weapons to deter and if necessary fight a nuclear war. Some observers believe the absence of a third world war confirms that these weapons were a prudent and cost-effective response to the uncertainty and fear surrounding the Soviet Union's military and political ambitions during the cold war. As early as 1950, nuclear weapons were considered relatively inexpensive— providing "a bigger bang for a buck"—and were thoroughly integrated into U.S. forces on that basis. Yet this assumption was never validated. Indeed, for more than fifty years scant attention has been paid to the enormous costs of this effort—more than $5 trillion thus far—and its short and long-term consequences for the nation. Based on four years of extensive research, Atomic Audit is the first book to document the comprehensive costs of U.S. nuclear weapons, assembling for the first time anywhere the actual and estimated expenditures for the program since its creation in 1940. The authors provide a unique perspective on U.S. nuclear policy and nuclear weapons, tracking their development from the Manhattan Project of World War II to the present day and assessing each aspect of the program, including research, development, testing, and production; deployment; command, control, communications, and intelligence; and defensive measures. They also examine the costs of dismantling nuclear weapons, the management and disposal of large quantities of toxic and radioactive wastes left over from their production, compensation for persons harmed by nuclear weapons activities, nuclear secrecy, and the economic implications of nuclear deterrence. Utilizing archival and newly declassified government documents and data, this richly documented book demonstrates how a variety of factors—the open-ended nature of nuclear deterrence, faulty assumptions about the cost-effectiveness of nuclear weapons, regular misrepresentati
'...the most widely accepted set of criteria for computer security.' Financial Times The 'Orange Book' Series, produced by the American Department of Defense is as yet the only guide to effective computer security for both military and commercial sectors. These 17 documents provide a comprehensive set of guidelines both for people needing to introduce computer security measures and for companies developing secure computer systems and products. It contains details of the various security mechanisms that have been developed over time and the relevance of these to existing policies; how to test for an adequate implementation in a product and engineering techniques to be used as part of the assurance activities that form part of the product evaluation.
The Code of Federal Regulations is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government.

Strengthening Government Oversight

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Federal Programs and the Federal Workforce

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 100


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Since unification, the Federal Republic of Germany has made vaunted efforts to make amends for the crimes of the Third Reich. Yet it remains the case that the demands for restitution by many countries that were occupied during the Second World War are unresolved, and recent demands from Greece and Poland have only reignited old debates. This book reconstructs the German occupation of Poland and Greece and gives a thorough accounting of these debates. Working from the perspective of international law, it deepens the scholarly discourse around the issue, clarifying the ‘never-ending story’ of German reparations policy and making a principled call for further action. A compilation of primary sources comprising 125 annotated key texts (512 pages) on the complexity of reparations discussions covering the period between 1941 and the end of 2017 is available for free on the Berghahn Books website, doi: 10.3167/9781800732575.dd.
The most comprehensive Certified Internal Auditor Exam preparation guide available One exam, three volumes of preparation. Here is the best source to help you prepare for the Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) exam covering the new syllabus, effective 2013. Wiley CIA Exam Review, Volume 2: Conducting the Internal Audit Engagement addresses topics such as internal audit function, individual audit engagements, and fraud risks and controls. Includes fully developed theories and concepts, as opposed to superficial outlines found in other study guides Offers indicators that help candidates allot study time based on the weight given to each topic on the exam Indicates the level of difficulty expected for each topic on the exam as either "Awareness" or "Proficiency" so more time and effort can be assigned for the proficiency topics than for the awareness topics Presents highly comprehensive coverage of theory with glossary of technical terms Every volume in the Wiley CIA Exam Review series offers a successful learning system of visual aids and memorization techniques that enable certification candidates to form long-lasting impressions of covered material.