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This document provides guidance on the integrated analysis and use, at national level, of data collected from health facilities though routine health information systems (RHIS). The integrated approach provides general health service planners and managers with an overarching or “cross-cutting” view of health services, based on a limited set of tracer indicators that represent multiple health programmes and service components. Objectives: The guidance will promote an understanding of: the concept of integrated analysis of health services, using RHIS data; the advantages of using a limited set of standardized indicators and visualizations; analysis and presentation of the data in ways that are easily understood and useful to health service planners and managers; the importance of and approaches to assessing data quality; some considerations for interpretation of RHIS data. Target audience: This guidance targets workers in ministries of health as well as other organizations, including: decision-makers using RHIS data for general planning, management and review of health services; programme staff wanting to share key programme findings with a general audience; staff responsible for the analysis and presentation of health data, including analysts and monitoring and evaluation officers; health information systems staff involved in data management and data quality improvement staff of national health observatories; research institutes and academic institutions involved in RHIS data.
The routine health information system (RHIS) is an integral part of the overall national health information system (HIS). RHIS collects health service data directly from the health facilities, where they are produced regularly by the healthcare workers and community health workers.
To ensure that countries can effectively benefit from digital health investments, “digital adaptation kits” (DAKs) are designed to facilitate the accurate reflection of WHO’s clinical, public health and data use guidelines in the digital systems that countries are adopting. DAKs are operational, software-neutral, standardized documentations that distil clinical, public health and data use guidance into a format that can be transparently incorporated into digital systems. For this particular DAK, the operational requirements are based on systems that provide the functionalities of digital tracking and decision support (DTDS) and include components such as personas, workflows, core data elements, decision-support algorithms, scheduling logic and reporting indicators. Web annexes provide certain components in additional detail including: data dictionary (Web Annex A), decision-support logic (Web Annex B), indicator definitions (Web Annex C), and functional and non-functional requirements (Web Annex D). Data elements within the DAK (Web Annex A) are mapped to standards-based terminology, such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), to facilitate interoperability. This DAK focuses on providing the content requirements for a DTDS system for HIV care used by health workers in primary health care settings. It also includes cross- cutting elements focused on the client, such as self-care interventions.
This guidance describes a catalogue of indicators for maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health (MNCAH) that can be monitored through health management information system data. It is a module of the WHO Toolkit for Routine Health Information Systems (RHIS) Data and links to relevant indicators from other programmatic modules of the WHO toolkit. The document provides guidance on possible analysis and visualization of the indicators, including considerations for interpreting and using the data for decisionmaking. An annex on data quality considerations for MNCAH managers provides suggestions for reviewing and interpreting routine health facility data through a quality lens. Accompanying this guidance are a series of presentations and exercises, including a facilitator guide, that can be used in workshops to strengthen capacity of analysis, interpretation, and use of data by MNCAH managers. The target audience for the guidance and accompanying materials are ministry of health staff working on MNCAH programmes and monitoring and evaluation activities at national and subnational levels; health workers; and partner organizations involved in supporting MNCAH programmes and monitoring. This text will be submitted to Language Services for translation whenever a publication is requested for translation and also provided to WHO Press at the same time as the translation.
Health financing is a core pillar of health systems and encompasses the three functions of how revenues for health are collected, pooled and paid out to providers of health care services. It can be leveraged to pursue key universal health coverage goals of enhancing access, ensuring quality and financial protection against catastrophic or impoverishing out-of-pocket expenditure. But knowledge on how health financing practices can be harnessed to promote the delivery of rehabilitation services is limited. This document is the first WHO resource on health financing for rehabilitation. It considers current practices for financing rehabilitation services, frames major challenges and opportunities, and offers guidance to decision-makers engaged in strengthening rehabilitation within health systems.
The goal of eliminating disparities in health care in the United States remains elusive. Even as quality improves on specific measures, disparities often persist. Addressing these disparities must begin with the fundamental step of bringing the nature of the disparities and the groups at risk for those disparities to light by collecting health care quality information stratified by race, ethnicity and language data. Then attention can be focused on where interventions might be best applied, and on planning and evaluating those efforts to inform the development of policy and the application of resources. A lack of standardization of categories for race, ethnicity, and language data has been suggested as one obstacle to achieving more widespread collection and utilization of these data. Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data identifies current models for collecting and coding race, ethnicity, and language data; reviews challenges involved in obtaining these data, and makes recommendations for a nationally standardized approach for use in health care quality improvement.
This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews.