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Excerpt from Ton-Mile Cost The matters to be discussed constitute what is really the most important branch of the analysis of general railroad results, for they deal in the main with questions of cost, which necessarily de termine net earnings and profits. In quite another sense, however, these matters may prove of interest to practical railroad men, for they are, in a measure, the theory of their practice. Experience shows that comparatively few practical men know very much about the theory of their industry, consequently it may profit to deal with it in a purely theoretic way, touching only very superficially upon matters of practice. To those whose business it is to canvass, weigh and examine railroad results, a fairly clear perception of first principles is almost essential, for the evidence upon which judgments have to be made is of such a nature as to be thoroughly intelligible only by the light of these principles. Railroad analysis is, after all, little more than a series of comparisons, but the possibilities of error and fallacy in the process of comparisons are multitudinous unless the way is guarded by a general knowledge of the basis upon which comparisons can alone be correctly made. An attempt is made to indicate this basis in a general way. No originality is claimed for the form of the inquiry or the scheme upon which it is founded. The late Mr. Albert Fink, as far back as 1873, laid the lines upon which practically all scientific railroad thought has since proceeded. We have followed these lines as closely as may be. Those who are curious to see how closely, are referred to the annual report of Louisville 8: Nashville for the year 1873-74. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from The Anatomy of a Railroad Report and Ton-Mile Cost, 1909 Operating Expenses Conducting Transportation Maintenance of Way and Structures Maintenance of Equipment General Expenses. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Manual of the Railroads of the United States, 1877-78 Devoted to the discussion of the Financial Topics of the day, to original and selected articles upon the principles and practice of Banking and the Laws relating thereto, and to Statistics in refer ence to Banks, Finance and Political Economy in general. In addition to its valuable statistical and economic information, the Banker's Magazine furnishes reports of all Legal Decisions important to banks and their dealers. Each number contains also a careful record of all recent changes among banks and bankers. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Cost of Railroad Transportation, Railroad Accounts, and Governmental Regulation of Railroad Tariffs In 1865 - 66 the net freight earnings were per cent and in 1873 - 74 only per cent of the gross earnings. It would be erroneous to conclude from this that the road was operated with less economy in the past year. It will be observed that the gross earnings per ton-mile in 1865 were cents; in 1874 they were only cents. Had the gross earnings per ton-mile in 1874 been the same as in 1865, the net earnings would have been 74 per cent instead of per cent of the gross earnings. It would, however, be equally erroneous to conclude that in 1865 less economy was exercised in the operation of the road than in 1874. The differences are accounted for by other reasons. In 1865 the bulk of the freight was local, carried over short distances of the road; since that time it has become mainly-through business, which goes over the whole length of the road. The latter is transacted at less expense. Since 1865 the amount of business on the Main Stem has more than trebled. This increase causes a reduction in the operating expenses. There is a certain class of operating expenditures that do not increase with the amount of business; they are fixed expenses which have to be incurred whether a small or a large business is transacted. It follows that when only one third of the number of tons of freight were moved in 1865 as compared with 1874, the cost per ton-mile for this class of expenditures would be three times greater than in 1874. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Changes in the Rates of Charge for Railway and Other Transportation Services Introduction to revised edition Sources of information Currency values reduced to equivalents in gold Railway freight trafiic Table 1. Volume of traffic, efficiency of service, and earnings Table 2. Per cent of the railway mileage of the United States represented by averages under similar headings in Table 1 16 Table 3. Average rates per ton permile, in cents, miscellaneous railroads 21 - 29 Table 4 Average rates per ton per mile, in cents, lines now operated by New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Table 5. Average rates per ton per mile, in cents, lines now Operated by Boston and Maine Railroad Table 6. Average rates per ton per mile, in'cents, lines forming the Union Pacific system Table 7. Average rates per ton per mile, in cents, lines in New England now operated by various companies Table 8. Average rates per ton per mile, in cents, lines in Middle States now operated by various companies Table 9. Average rates per ton per mile, in cents, lines in the South now operated by various companies Table 10. Coal - average rates'per ton per mile, in cents Table 11. Miscellaneous commodities - average rates, regardless of quan tity shipped, in cents per 100'pounds, New York to Buffalo, by rail Table 12. Miscellaneous commodities - average rates for less than car load quantities, in cents per 100 pounds, New York to Buffalo by rail Table 13. Miscellaneous comm'odities - average rates for carload quanti ties, in cents per 100 pounds, New York to Buffalo, by rail Table 14. Miscellaneous commodities - average rates, regardless of quan tity shipped, in' cents per 100 pounds, New York to Chicago, by rail Table 15. Miscellaneous commodities - average rates for less than carload quantities, in cents per 100 pounds, New York to Chicago, by rail Table 16. Miscellaneouscommodities - average rates for carloads, in cents per 100 pounds, New York to Chicago, by rail Table'17. Miscellaneous commodities - average rates, regardless of quan tity, m cents per 100 pounds, New York to Chicago, by lake and rail Table 18. Miscellaneous commodities - average rates for less. Than car load quantities, in cents per 100 pounds, New York to Chicago. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Howrah The deep channel alternates from left to right and vice cersa according to the windings of the river, except where deflected by the large tributaries which debouch into it at the southern limit of this district. Proceeding from Howrah Bridge, the deep channel runs on the Calcutta side in the Calcutta Reach past the Fort and Kidderpore to Garden Reach. At Rajganj, Opposite Hangman Point, it crosses over to the Howrah Side, and follows the Sankrail Reach as far as Melancholy (menikhali) Point. It then zigzags from left to right at each bend. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from American Railroads: Government Control and Reconstruction Policies Up to the middle of the decade 1900 to 1910, the steady growth in traffic and the economies from improved Operating methods, enabled the rail roads to absorb the burden of higher wages and other costs, and to move the traffic at lower rates per ton-mile. The net income was sufficient to pay a reasonable rate of return on securities and to attract new capital when needed. New lines. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from The Baldwin Locomotive Works: Locomotive Data The motive power requirements of railways are so varied, that every system must employ a number of different types of locomotives with which to handle its traffic. It is not possible here to describe all the types in common use, but attention may be called to a few characteristic features of locomotives designed for different classes of service. Excluding such work as switching, logging and industrial, the majority of locomotives are used in road service, and this may be divided into two gen eral classes, freight and passenger. In heavy freight work, a locomotive is required to exert a high tractive force at comparatively slow speed, while in fast passenger work the tractive force, when running, is comparatively low, while the speed is high. Horse-power is measured by the product of tractive force and speed, hence it is frequently necessary for a passenger locomotive to develop as much horse-power as a freight, even though the trac tive forces exerted by the two may be widely differ ent. As the boiler capacity limits the horse-power, it follows that in proportion to the tractive force exerted, a passenger locomotive needs a larger boiler than one intended for freight service. The requirements of fast freight and heavy, medium speed passenger service are more nearly alike, and the same type of locomotive can frequently be used for both these classes of work. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Highway Cost Keeping The units selected must, so far as possible, be expressive of definite operations. Thus, while in engineering construction the cubic yard is a very common unit upon which contract prices are based, it ire quently is a very uncertain unit of performance, as it is a composite of other units. For example, in rock excavation there are involved the following operations: (1) Drilling, (2) blasting, (3) breaking large chunks, (4) loading into carts, wagons, cars, or the like, (5) trans porting, (6) dumping. The important item of drilling depends largely. On the necessary spacing of the drill holes, which varies in the different kinds of rock and in different kinds of excavation. Clearly, then, the linear foot of drill holes is the unit for measuring the output of the drillers, and not the cubic yard. Transporting the rock is largely a function of distance; hence the unit of transportation cost should' be the ton or yard carried 100 feet'or 1 mile, and not the cubic yard without the factor of distance. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Inland Waterways, Their Relation to Transportation The carriers of freight hold the keys of trade. During the year 1890 - 91, over thirty iron smelting furnaces of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania were shut down several months, because the railroads could not give them a reduction of twenty-five cents a ton in the freight rates for coke fuel.* As slight a reduction as a mill a ton mile by the railroads in their charges would save to trade nearly a hundred million dollars a year. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.