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This paper introduces a time-varying threshold autoregressive model (TVTAR), which is used to examine the persistence of deviations from PPP. We find support for the stationary TVTAR against the unit root hypothesis; however, for some developing countries, we do not reject the TVTAR with a unit root in the corridor regime. We calculate magnitudes, frequencies, and durations of the deviations of exchange rates from forecasted changes in exchange rates. A key result is asymmetric adjustment. In developing countries, the average cumulative deviation from forecasts during periods when exchange rates are below forecasts is twice the corresponding measure during periods when exchange rates are above forecasts.
In this work, the physiological effects of time-varying magnetic fields up to 100 kHz have been investigated, namely magnetic stimulation and body warming. Simulation studies were based on numerical calculations on sophisticated cell and body models. In addition, magnetic stimulation thresholds have been determined experimentally.The project was carried out within the scope of the development of Magnetic Particle Imaging, a new imaging technology for medical diagnostics.
In the last two years or so, I was most fortunate in being given opportunities of lecturing on a new methodology to a variety of audiences in Britain, China, Finland, France and Spain. Despite my almost Confucian attitude of preferring talking (i.e. a transient record) to writing (i.e. a permanent record), the warm encouragement of friends has led to the ensuing notes. I am also only too conscious of the infancy of the methodology introduced in these notes. However, it is my sincere hope that exposure to a wider audience will accelerate its maturity. Readers are assumed to be familiar with the basic theory of time series analysis. The book by Professor M.B. Priestley (1981) may be used as a general reference. Chapter One is addressed to the general question: "why do we need non-linear time series models?" After describing some significant advantages of linear models, it singles out several major limitations of linearity. Of course, the selection reflects my personal view on the subject, which is only at its very beginning, although there does seem to be a general agreement in the literature that time irr'eversibility and limit cycles are among the most obvious.
This book is devoted to the phenomenon of synchronization and its application for determining the values of Lyapunov exponents. In recent years, the idea of synchronization has become an object of great interest in many areas of science, e.g., biology and communication or laser physics. Over the last decade, a number of new types of synchronization have been identified and some interesting new ideas concerning the synchronization have also appeared.This book presents the complete synchronization problem rather than just results from the research. The problem is demonstrated in relation to a kind of coupling applied between dynamical systems, whereby a unique classification of possible couplings is introduced. Another novel feature is the connection presented between synchronization and the problem of determining the Lyapunov exponents, especially for non-differentiable systems. A detailed proposal of such an estimation method and examples of its application are included.
This solid introduction uses the principles of physics and the tools of mathematics to approach fundamental questions of neuroscience.
Research in the statistical analysis of extreme values has flourished over the past decade: new probability models, inference and data analysis techniques have been introduced; and new application areas have been explored. Statistics of Extremes comprehensively covers a wide range of models and application areas, including risk and insurance: a major area of interest and relevance to extreme value theory. Case studies are introduced providing a good balance of theory and application of each model discussed, incorporating many illustrated examples and plots of data. The last part of the book covers some interesting advanced topics, including time series, regression, multivariate and Bayesian modelling of extremes, the use of which has huge potential.
We are confronted with emergent systems everywhere and Holland shows how a theory of emergence can predict many complex behaviours in art and science. This book will appeal to scientists and anyone interested in scientific theory.
Standards and Thresholds play an important role in many stages of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. They can be legally binding or guidance values and are linked to environmental data. This book provides a comprehensive collection of standards and thresholds, with their derivation and application in case studies of EIA projects. The text introduces key drivers of standards, their effect on environment and health, emerging issues and more.
Gastric motility disorders remain a complex clinical challenge, and inflict a substantial burden of cost and suffering on society. Gastric contractions are coordinated by an underlying electrical activity, and gastric dysrhythmias are implicated in the pathophysiology of several motility disorders. However, the significance of dysrhythmias remains uncertain, and there are few elective therapies, because current tools to investigate dysrhythmias have low reliability owing to their lack of spatial resolution. This thesis aimed to develop an improved foundation for the investigation and management of gastric dysrhythmia, by advancing and translating high-resolution (HR; multi-electrode) spatiotemporal mapping. The research is a cross-disciplinary program of bioengineering, and basic and clinical electrophysiology. A range of HR mapping devices are first developed and validated for intra-operative gastric mapping, including at open and laparoscopic surgery. Automated signal processing tools are next validated for the efficient, reliable marking, grouping, and mapping of slow wave events, and these tools are integrated into an intuitive software platform. These methodological advances are then applied in a series of experimental studies. The origin and propagation of porcine gastric slow wave activity is defined, followed by clinical translation with the first spatiotemporal analysis of normal human gastric slow wave propagation. The methods are then applied to define new patterns and mechanisms of gastric dysrhythmia, initially in a porcine model, including the first demonstration of how rapid, high-amplitude circumferential propagation emerges during dysrhythmias. The first clinical study applying HR electrical mapping is then presented, performed on a cohort of patients with diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis, revealing new patterns of human dysrhythmia. A new classification scheme for abnormalities of human gastric slow wave initiation and conduction is proposed. Finally, the evidence for high-frequency gastric electrical stimulation is reviewed, prior to the presentation of a new 'entrainment mapping' method for better assessing gastric pacing protocols. In total, this work constitutes a coordinated series of advances that offer a strengthened foundation for investigating and managing gastric electrical abnormalities. It is hoped that these new methods and findings will translate into future clinical advances, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these complex patient populations.
The Oxford Handbook of Panel Data examines new developments in the theory and applications of panel data. It includes basic topics like non-stationary panels, co-integration in panels, multifactor panel models, panel unit roots, measurement error in panels, incidental parameters and dynamic panels, spatial panels, nonparametric panel data, random coefficients, treatment effects, sample selection, count panel data, limited dependent variable panel models, unbalanced panel models with interactive effects and influential observations in panel data. Contributors to the Handbook explore applications of panel data to a wide range of topics in economics, including health, labor, marketing, trade, productivity, and macro applications in panels. This Handbook is an informative and comprehensive guide for both those who are relatively new to the field and for those wishing to extend their knowledge to the frontier. It is a trusted and definitive source on panel data, having been edited by Professor Badi Baltagi-widely recognized as one of the foremost econometricians in the area of panel data econometrics. Professor Baltagi has successfully recruited an all-star cast of experts for each of the well-chosen topics in the Handbook.