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This comprehensive work thoroughly introduces and reviews the set of results from Belle and BaBar - after more than two decades of independent and complementary work - all the way from the detectors and the analysis tools used, up to the physics results, and the interpretation of these results. The world’s two giant B Factory collaborations, Belle at KEK and BaBar at SLAC, have successfully completed their main mission to discover and quantify CP violation in the decays of B mesons. CP violation is a necessary requirement to distinguish unambiguously between matter and antimatter. The shared primary objective of the two B Factory experiments was to determine the shape of the so-called unitarity triangle, an abstract triangle representing interactions of quarks, the elementary constituents of matter. The area of the triangle is a measure of the amount of CP violation associated with the weak force. Many other measurements have been performed by the B Factories and are also discussed in this work.
This volume contains the greater part of the papers submitted to the High Energy Physics portion of the 1983 Orbis Scientiae, then dedicated to the eightieth year of Professor P. A. M. Dirac. Before the vol,ume could be published, Professor Dirac passed away on October 20, 1984, thereby changing the dedication of this volume, and its companion, on Information Processing in Biology, to his everlasting memory. Since 1969, Professor Dirac had given the opening address at each of these conferences. He was unable to prepare a manuscript of his last paper in 1983. His impact on science already has been enormous. The consequences of his thought and work for future developments are incalculable. Regrettably, Professor Dirac's last appearance at this series of conferences, begun in 1964 as the Coral Gables Conference on Symmetry Principles at High Energy, coincided with the twentieth, and the last of these. The work and expense involved in organizing them and preparing the proceedings have corne to far exceed the physical capabilities and the support received by the Center for Theoretical Studies for this program. The delayed appearance of these proceedings, for which the editors humbly apologize, is a manifestation of the inadequate support. On the other hand, the organizers and editors thank the many distinguished participants who, over the years, made these meetings exciting and productive arenas for the dissemination of ideas in high energy physics and related fields.
This thesis describes a high-quality, high-precision method for the data analysis of an interesting elementary particle reaction. The data was collected at the Japanese B-meson factory KEKB with the Belle detector, one of the most successful large-scale experiments worldwide. CP violation is a subtle quantum effect that makes the world look different when simultaneously left and right and matter and antimatter are exchanged. This being a prerequisite for our own world to have developed from the big bang, there are only a few experimental indications of such effects, and their detection requires very intricate techniques. The discovery of CP violation in B meson decays garnered Kobayashi and Maskawa, who had predicted these findings as early as 1973, the 2008 Nobel prize in physics. This thesis describes in great detail what are by far the best measurements of branching ratios and CP violation parameters in two special reactions with two charm mesons in the final state. It presents an in-depth but accessible overview of the theory, phenomenology, experimental setup, data collection, Monte Carlo simulations, (blind) statistical data analysis, and systematic uncertainty studies.
The book contains the proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Capture Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics held at the University of Guelph from August 28 through September 2, 2011. The proceedings cover topics of nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, nuclear astrophysics, fundamental symmetries in nuclei, statistical aspects of nuclei, and new techniques and applications, from forefront researchers in their fields.
Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging discusses the current state of the art and future prospects of photon-counting detectors for medical imaging applications. Featuring contributions from leading experts and pioneers in their respective fields, this book:Describes x-ray spectral imaging detectors based on cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) and cad
"Political power," says Howard Zinn, "is controlled by the corporate elite, and the arts are the locale for a kind of guerilla warfare in the sense that guerillas look for apertures and opportunities where they can have an effect." In Artists in Times of War, Zinn looks at the possibilities to create such apertures through art, film, activism, publishing and through our everyday lives. In this collection of four essays, the author of A People's History of the United States writes about why "To criticize the government is the highest act of patriotism." Filled with quotes and examples from the likes of Bob Dylan, Mark Twain, e. e. cummings, Thomas Paine, Joseph Heller, and Emma Goldman, Zinn's essays discuss America's rich cultural counternarratives to war, so needed in these days of unchallenged U.S. militarism.
Those who avidly followed the on-court acrobatics and off-court celebrity of the OC Dream TeamOCO in Barcelona in 1992 would hardly recognize what passed as basketball fifty-six years earlier, when the United States first played the game in the 1936 Olympics. In those early days of menOCOs Olympic basketball, many teams lacked basic skills, games were played in the pouring rain, only seven players could suit up, and the rules allowed only two substitutions and no time-outs. How this slow, low-scoring sport became the breakneck game that enraptures millions worldwide is the story of American Hoops.In this fascinating history of Olympic basketball on the world stage and behind the scenes, Carson Cunningham presents a kaleidoscopic picture of the evolution into the twenty-first century of one of AmericaOCOs most popular sports. From clashes between celebrated egos and thrilling action on the court to the intense rivalries of the Cold War and technological advances in everything from television to sports equipment off the court, American Hoops follows the fortunes of Olympic basketball, in the United States and internationally, as it developed and emerged as one of the most challenging and entertaining sports in the world.Cunningham traces how the modifications made by the International Olympic Committee and the International Basketball Federation have transformed the game of basketball over the years, from the Berlin to the Beijing Olympics. His book offers a remarkable view of the changing world through the prism of Olympic sport."