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Serviceability failures of concrete structures involving excessive cracking or deflection are relatively common, even in structures that comply with code requirements. This is often as a result of a failure to adequately account for the time-dependent deformations of concrete in the design of the structure. The serviceability provisions embodied in
Work accomplished over the 14.5 year life of this project is summarized, and the reports published as part of the study are referenced. Implementation of the results of the study has already been accomplished in two areas. The current loss-of-prestress provisions in the AASHTO Bridge Specification are based on recommendations prepared as part of the work of this project. Illinois DOT has stopped using span diaphragms in prestressed concrete highway bridges as a result of recommendations based on another phase of the study. The work be divided into three relatively separate phases. The first phase was the installation of deformation measuring instrumentation in three in-service bridges, the gathering of data, and the development of analysis procedures that enabled the data to be interpreted. The second phase involved the construction of relatively small scale prestressed bridge components, and their use to provide data to help confirm some information developed in the field study. The models were later tested to failure, and additional information about overload behavior was gained. The third phase was a study of the effects of span diaphragms on moment distributions in bridges, and it was concluded that these members were cost-ineffective and that their use should be discontinued.
This report documents and presents results of a study to determine time-dependent behavior and relevant design criteria for simple-span precast, prestressed bridge girders made continuous. A questionnaire was used to determine current practice. Creep and shrinkage tests of steam-cured concrete loaded at an early age were made. Computer simulations were used to investigate the effects of time-dependent material behavior and variation in design parameters on the effective continuity for live load plus impact. The findings suggest that positive moment connections in the diaphragms at the piers are not required and provide no structural advantages. The findings also suggest that effective continuity for live load plus impact can vary from 0 to 100% dependent on the design parameters and timing of construction. Computer analyses were also used to determine an upper limit for the amount of negative moment reinforcement over the supports to insure full moment redistribution and attainment of maximum bridge strength. New computer programs were developed for simplified analysis to determine time-dependent effects and service moments. Recommendations for design procedures were presented and design examples given.