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This book is focused on different aspects of geophysical research, particularly on modern approach in subsurface imaging, tectonics, geohazard, seismicity, and Earth planetary system. Syntheses of results from regional and local studies combined with new techniques of geophysical data acquisition and interpretation from diverse geological provinces are presented. Some of the chapter explained clearly the geophysical technic that can image local sources in urban and rural settings in Israel. An example of studies on basement tectonics and fault reactivation in North America using integrated geophysical methods is also presented. Two modes of seismicity, one involving rotational seismology and another based on seismic response in Mexico using Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) as an alternative technique for extracting data that will be useful for the assessment of potential earthquake, are discussed in other sets of chapters. The integration of geoelectric methods in another chapter demonstrated delimitation of the resistivity anomalies caused by different types of hydrocarbon contaminants and rocks in rural, industrial, and urban sites. The results of electrical resistivity method to define 1D and 2D electrical models from two datasets acquired in dry and rainy seasons in Panama (Central America) were used to show the relationship between electrical resistivity and volumetric water content. Petrophysical analyses show good fits between resistivity and volumetric water content and known parameters for rocks and soils. The study on Earth planetary system noted that at all stages of the Earth?s formation, convective heat and mass transfer are the most important factors in the dynamics of the planet. The chapter on magnetics shows how remanent magnetization and self-demagnetization complicate the inversion and interpretation of magnetic anomaly with examples from iron deposit in South Australia.
The use of diffraction imaging to complement the seismic reflection method is rapidly gaining momentum in the oil and gas industry. As the industry moves toward exploiting smaller and more complex conventional reservoirs and extensive new unconventional resource plays, the application of the seismic diffraction method to image sub-wavelength features such as small-scale faults, fractures and stratigraphic pinchouts is expected to increase dramatically over the next few years. “Seismic Diffraction” covers seismic diffraction theory, modeling, observation, and imaging. Papers and discussion include an overview of seismic diffractions, including classic papers which introduced the potential of diffraction phenomena in seismic processing; papers on the forward modeling of seismic diffractions, with an emphasis on the theoretical principles; papers which describe techniques for diffraction mathematical modeling as well as laboratory experiments for the physical modeling of diffractions; key papers dealing with the observation of seismic diffractions, in near-surface-, reservoir-, as well as crustal studies; and key papers on diffraction imaging.
With recent innovations in the arena of remote sensing and geographic information systems, the use of geoinformatics in applied geomorphology is receiving more attention than ever. Geoinformatics in Applied Geomorphology examines how modern concepts, technologies, and methods in geoinformatics can be used to solve a wide variety of applied geomorph
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 60, the latest release in this highly-respected publication in the field of geophysics, contains new chapters on a variety of topics, including Marchenko imaging, Fiber-optic sensing and distributed acoustic sensing, Diffractions, and Time-lapse interferometry across scales. - Provides high-level reviews of the latest innovations in geophysics - Written by recognized experts in the field - Presents an essential publication for researchers in all fields of geophysics
This book gives a comprehensive introduction to the new geophysical detection theories, methods and technologies of tunnel engineering under complex geological conditions and environments. It mainly focuses on the application of 3D seismic technique, 3D high-power resistivity sounding, and 3D GPR, etc. There are 7 chapters in the book. Chapter 1 introduces the state of the art and developing trends of geophysical detection technologies for tunnel engineering. Chapter 2 analyzes the complex geological conditions and environments for tunnel construction and the latest geophysical detection technologies. Chapter 3 to Chapter 7 systematically elaborate on the 3D seismic techniques, 3D detection technologies for water content in tunnel surrounding rocks, 3D detection technologies for side/back slope, 3D detection technologies for shield tunneling, and 3D detection technologies for collapse treatment of tunnel construction. The book presents numerous case studies to illustrate the applications of these technologies.
Seismic imaging methods are currently used to produce images of the Earth's subsurface properties at diverse length scales, from high-resolution, near-surface environmental studies for oil and gas exploration to long-period images of the entire planet. This book presents the physical and mathematical basis of imaging algorithms in the context of controlled-source reflection seismology. The approach taken is motivated by physical optics and theoretical seismology. The theory is constantly put into practice via a graded sequence of computer exercises using the widely available SU (Seismic Unix) software package.
This book provides a systematic review of tomographic applications in seismology and the future directions. Theories and case histories are discussed by the international authors, drawing on their own practical experiences with global and local case histories.
Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fracturesâ€"a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storageâ€"has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.