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Combining the science of foam with the engineering of extrusion processes, Foam Extrusion: Principles and Practice delivers a detailed discussion of the theory, design, processing, and application of degradable foam extraction. In one comprehensive volume, the editors present the collective expertise of leading academic, research, and industry spec
As researchers seek replacements for banned, ozone-depleting foaming agents, the authors of Thermoplastic Foam Processing: Principles and Development strive to develop a better understanding of foaming processes and find solutions for day-to-day practice. This book presents the latest research in foam extrusion and physical foaming agents with a st
This unique introduction covers both low- and high-density thermoplastic foams in an easy-to-follow style that avoids excursions into the theoretical aspects of foam processing.
Explores the Latest Developments in Polymeric FoamsSince the 1960s polymeric foams have grown into a solid industry that affects almost every aspect of modern life. The industry has weathered the energy crisis in the 70s, ozone issues in the 80s, and recycle/reuse in the 90s. However, the pace of development and social climate is rapidly changing a
Cellulose Acetate for Thermoplastic Foam Extrusion.
In order to promote a deeper understanding of the cell opening behavior during foaming, a failure analysis of a cell wall was performed according to the Considere and Failure criteria using the uniaxial experimental data of a polymer melt. A theoretical approach to prediction of the cell wall rupture moment was proposed using two adjacent cubic-shaped cells. This concept was further extended to arrive at an estimation of the minimum threshold diameter of a foam extrudate to produce an open-cell foam structure. A continuous extrusion process for the manufacture of low-density, microcellular, open-cell thermoplastic foams is presented using a single-screw tandem extrusion foaming system. Fundamental studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of various processing parameters and materials compositions on the basic properties (i.e., extensional behavior, solubility, diffusivity, and initial foam extrudate shape) of plastic melts and melt/gas solutions that influence the cell morphologies of thermoplastic foams. The observed phenomena were essential in understanding and devising the processing strategies to achieve a desired foam structure. Based on the fundamental studies, this thesis presents the basic strategies for promoting a low-density, microcellular, open-cell thermoplastic foam. The effects of polymer blending, additives, processing temperature, blowing agent content, die geometry, and surface quenching on the final foam morphologies were thoroughly investigated to verify the proposed strategies. By tailoring the material compositions and processing conditions, low-density (>10 fold), microcellular (109 cells/cm 3), open-cell (>95%) thermoplastic foams were successfully achieved. Furthermore, a procedure for estimating gas loss from a foam structure was proposed in order to understand the effect of gas loss during open-cell content measurement using a gas pycnometer, and the corresponding open-cell content errors were calculated.
A process for producing an electrical insulative material. First there is produced a composition including a thermoplastic polymer resin selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene octene, a polyethylene hexene, a polyethylene heptene, a polyethylene nonene and a polyethylene decene; a filler selected from the group consisting of expandable polymer microballoons and glass microspheres; and a blowing agent comprising a physical blowing% agent and% a chemical blowing agent. The chemical-blowing agent is selected from one or more of the group consisting of an exothermic blowing agent and an endothermic blowing agent. This composition is then continuously foam extruded.
Foam Extrusion: Principles and Practice combines the science of foam with the engineering of extrusion processes in one comprehensive volume, joining scientific principles and engineering practice. Starting with the fundamentals and then moving to phase separation, the text lays the scientific foundation in such a manner that the microscopic transition from a nucleus to a void (nucleation) and macroscopic movement from a void to an object (formation) are plausibly addressed. The last section of the book presents interesting foam extrusion developments, demonstrating how scientific findings can be applied to the engineering field, from principles to batch experimentation and continuous foaming. Each chapter concludes with a section of references for further study, and most include a nomenclature section and/or summary section as well. Drawing from the experience of the editor and the authors, Foam Extrusion: Principles and Practice captures the interesting evolution of foam extrusion, and offers a solid foundation for future developments. It is an informative guide for anyone involved with this field.