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This book is a must-read for the latest generation of scientists, engineers, and researchers in the petroleum industry. The product of over four decades of research, experience, and study by Dr. Dwijen Banerjee, who carefully preserves the history of the thermal processing of hydrocarbons, giving credit to the pioneering scientists and discoverers of the process. In this first-of-its-kind book, the author summarizes and systematically leads readers through all aspects of the thermal cracking processes from the research laboratory to the commercial applications of the petrochemical industry. Fossil fuels consist of a continuous series of hydrocarbons mainly divided into natural gas (C1-C4), conventional crude oil (C5-C40), heavy oil/bitumen (>C40). This book discusses thermal processing of hydrocarbons -- with a special emphasis on lighter hydrocarbons -- whose main source is shale gas and tight oil that's recently been made abundant through fracking technology. This book details many technical parameters involved in choosing a process when considering the type of feedstocks; operating conditions; selectivity of the desired product; the market to be targeted; and the environmental regulations to be met while also considering the economic parameters such as the investment and profit margin that govern the final choice. Features and Benefits An introduction to the basic chemistry behind thermal processing, classifications, molecular structures, kinetics and thermodynamics, free radical reaction mechanisms, and product distributions. A focus on shale gas and tight oil production, properties, and processing as important sources of petrochemicals. Emphasis on the 'petroleum to petrochemicals' which has recently transformed the petroleum industry across the globe. An illustration of conversion technologies -- how the paraffinic hydrocarbons are converted into various petrochemicals and eventually lead to the finished products. Insight into the future of hydrocarbons based on environmental issues. Audience Scientists Engineers Researchers Students
Written by an author with over 38 years of experience in the chemical and petrochemical process industry, this handbook will present an analysis of the process steps used to produce industrial hydrocarbons from various raw materials. It is the first book to offer a thorough analysis of external factors effecting production such as: cost, availability and environmental legislation. An A-Z list of raw materials and their properties are presented along with a commentary regarding their cost and availability. Specific processing operations described in the book include: distillation, thermal cracking and coking, catalytic methods, hydroprocesses, thermal and catalytic reforming, isomerization, alkylation processes, polymerization processes, solvent processes, water removal, fractionation and acid gas removal. Flow diagrams and descriptions of more than 250 leading-edge process technologies An analysis of chemical reactions and process steps that are required to produce chemicals from various raw materials Properties, availability and environmental impact of various raw materials used in hydrocarbon processing
Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels presents an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the possibilities for production and use of bioenergy, biofuels, and coproducts. Issues related to environment, food, and energy present serious challenges to the success and stability of nations. The challenge to provide energy to a rapidly increasing global population has made it imperative to find new technological routes to increase production of energy while also considering the biosphere's ability to regenerate resources. The bioenergy and biofuels are resources that may provide solutions to these critical challenges. Divided into 25 discreet parts, the book covers topics on characterization, production, and uses of bioenergy, biofuels, and coproducts. Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels provides an insight into future developments in each field and extensive bibliography. It will be an essential resource for researchers and academic and industry professionals in the energy field.
Radiation-thermal cracking of oil feedstock has the potential to offer a solution to many of the challenges the oil industry is facing. Radiation-induced chain cracking reactions in hydrocarbons at lowered temperatures initiated the development of improved technological approaches, combining the advantages of radiation-thermal cracking and low-temperature feedstock processing. However, researchers still face obstacles in the practical application of theory and experimental data, and the literature presents contradictions that need to be sorted out for further development of this technology. Petroleum Radiation Processing fills an information gap, providing systematic descriptions of the fundamentals of radiation-induced cracking reactions in hydrocarbons. It analyzes the basic experiments that have brought about the rapid development of radiation technology for petroleum radiation processing during the last decades. The book provides a detailed introduction to radiation methods based on radiation-thermal and low-temperature cracking of hydrocarbons, emphasizing high-viscous oil feedstocks that are difficult to process by conventional methods—such as heavy and high-paraffinic crude oil, fuel oil, and bitumen. It helps readers understand the mechanisms and kinetics of low-temperature radiation cracking. The book addresses the application of promising radiation methods for solving critical environmental issues, such as oil desulfurization and regeneration of used lubricants and other used oil products. Examining experimental data as well as theoretical and technical approaches, it summarizes research progress in the field of petroleum radiation processing, providing a useful reference on the theory and technology of hydrocarbon radiation processing for chemical technologists, researchers, and students.
This text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. It analyzes the thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics of each process, as well as
This chapter gives an overview of renewable hydrocarbon production through triglyceride's thermal-cracking process. The influence of feedstock characteristics and availability is discussed. It also presents issues about the reaction, the effect of operational conditions, and catalysts. A scheme of the reaction is presented and discussed. The composition and properties of bio-oil is presented for both thermal and catalytic cracking. The high content of olefins and the high acid index are drawbacks that require downstream processes. The reactor design, kinetics, and scale-up are opportunities for future studies. However, the similarity of bio-oil with oil turns this process attractive.
Petroleum asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most petroleum crude oils and in some natural deposits. Petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of a great many different hydrocarbons. Refined petroleum products are derived from crude oils through processes such as catalytic cracking and fractional distillation. Refining is a necessary step before oil can be burned as fuel or used to create end products. Residual fuel oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons prepared by blending a residuum component with a flux stock which is a distillate component diluent, to give the desired viscosity of the fuel oil produced.Petroleum refining is the process of separating the many compoundspresent in crude petroleum.An Oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant wherecrude oil is processed and refined into more useful products The global Petroleum Asphalt market is valued at USD 48.8 Billion in 2017 and is expected to reach USD 77.67 Billion by the end of 2024, growing at a Growth Rate of 6.87% between 2017 and 2024.The global bunker fuel market was valued at $137,215.5 million in 2017 and is expected to reach $273,050.4 million by 2025, registering a CAGR of 9.4% from 2018 to 2025. Some of the fundamentals of the book are composition of radiation effects on lubricants, thermal cracking of pure saturatedhydrocarbons, petroleum asphalts, refinery products, refinery feedstocks, blending and compounding, oil refining, residual fuel oils, distillate heating oils, formulations of petroleum, photographs of machinery withsuppliers contact details. A total guide to manufacturing and entrepreneurial success in one of today's most lucrative petroleum industry. This book is one-stop guide to one of the fastest growing sectors of the petroleum industry, where opportunities abound for manufacturers, retailers, and entrepreneurs. This is the only complete handbook on the commercial production of petroleum products. It serves up a feast of how-to information, from concept to purchasing equipment.
The collection of papers in this volume is a direct result of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Research Symposium on "Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins: Methods and Case Histories" held as part of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Convention in New Orleans in March 1985. The original goal of the sym posium was to provide a forum where specialists from a variety of dis ciplines could present their views of methods that can be used to study the thermal history of a sedimentary basin or an important portion of a basin. An explicit part of that goal was to illustrate each method by presentation of a case history application. The original goal is addressed by the chapters in this volume, each of which emphasizes a somewhat different approach and gives field data in one way or another to illustrate the practical useful ness ofthe method. The significance of our relative ignorance of the thermal conductivities of sedimentary rocks, especially shales, in efforts to understand or model sedimentary basin thermal histories and maturation levels is a major thrust of the chapter by Blackwell and Steele. Creaney focuses on variations in kerogen composition in source rocks of different depositional environments and the degree to which these chem- . ically distinct kerogens respond differently to progressive burial heating.