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CMOS chips are becoming increasingly important in computer circuitry. They have been widely used during the past decade, and they will continue to grow in popularity in those application areas that demand high performance. Challenging the prevailing opinion that circuit simulation can reveal all problems in CMOS circuits, Masakazu Shoji maintains that simulation cannot completely remove the often costly errors that occur in circuit design. To address the failure modes of these circuits more fully, he presents a new approach to CMOS circuit design based on his systematizing of circuit design error and his unique theory of CMOS digital circuit operation. In analyzing CMOS digital circuits, the author focuses not on effects originating from the characteristics of the device (MOSFET) but on those arising from their connection. This emphasis allows him to formulate a powerful but ultimately simple theory explaining the effects of connectivity by using a concept of the states of the circuits, called microstates. Shoji introduces microstate sequence diagrams that describe the state changes (or the circuit connectivity changes), and he uses his microstate theory to analyze many of the conventional CMOS digital circuits. These analyses are practically all in closed-form, and they provide easy physical interpretation of the circuit's working mechanisms, the parametric dependence of performance, and the circuit's failure modes. Originally published in 1992. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
CMOS manufacturing environments are surrounded with symptoms that can indicate serious test, design, or reliability problems, which, in turn, can affect the financial as well as the engineering bottom line. This book educates readers, including non-engineers involved in CMOS manufacture, to identify and remedy these causes. This book instills the electronic knowledge that affects not just design but other important areas of manufacturing such as test, reliability, failure analysis, yield-quality issues, and problems. Designed specifically for the many non-electronic engineers employed in the semiconductor industry who need to reliably manufacture chips at a high rate in large quantities, this is a practical guide to how CMOS electronics work, how failures occur, and how to diagnose and avoid them. Key features: Builds a grasp of the basic electronics of CMOS integrated circuits and then leads the reader further to understand the mechanisms of failure. Unique descriptions of circuit failure mechanisms, some found previously only in research papers and others new to this publication. Targeted to the CMOS industry (or students headed there) and not a generic introduction to the broader field of electronics. Examples, exercises, and problems are provided to support the self-instruction of the reader.
Digital circuit technology is the future of the telecommunications, semiconductor, and network industries. It is essential for engineers involved in VLSI and integrated circuit design to become informed of this emerging technology. This book covers all facets of the technology, from basic theories of physics to a practical guide for designing and implementing digital circuits.
A unique and fascinating scientific detective story that traces the origins as well as the complex mechanisms of human self-consciousness.
As the frequency of communication systems increases and the dimensions of transistors are reduced, more and more stringent performance requirements are placed on analog circuits. This is a trend that is bound to continue for the foreseeable future and while it does, understanding performance trade-offs will constitute a vital part of the analog design process. It is the insight and intuition obtained from a fundamental understanding of performance conflicts and trade-offs, that ultimately provides the designer with the basic tools necessary for effective and creative analog design. Trade-offs in Analog Circuit Design, which is devoted to the understanding of trade-offs in analog design, is quite unique in that it draws together fundamental material from, and identifies interrelationships within, a number of key analog circuits. The book covers ten subject areas: Design methodology, Technology, General Performance, Filters, Switched Circuits, Oscillators, Data Converters, Transceivers, Neural Processing, and Analog CAD. Within these subject areas it deals with a wide diversity of trade-offs ranging from frequency-dynamic range and power, gain-bandwidth, speed-dynamic range and phase noise, to tradeoffs in design for manufacture and IC layout. The book has by far transcended its original scope and has become both a designer's companion as well as a graduate textbook. An important feature of this book is that it promotes an intuitive approach to understanding analog circuits by explaining fundamental relationships and, in many cases, providing practical illustrative examples to demonstrate the inherent basic interrelationships and trade-offs. Trade-offs in Analog Circuit Design draws together 34 contributions from some of the world's most eminent analog circuits-and-systems designers to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive text devoted to a very important and timely approach to analog circuit design.
In the year of 2020, I published a book in psychology, “Self-consciousness, human brain as data processor”. In the book, I proposed resolution of quantum mystery by human mind by providing a model. Quantum mechanics has been developed by the basic philosophy that the theory’s role is to identify the measurable quantum parameters and to provide the mathematical theory relating them. The model’s role is, if that is available, only secondary, to rationalize the theory. I challenged this basic philosophy in this book. Quantum mechanics cannot be modeled by using any classical mechanics model, but it can be modeled by using the equivalent circuit model of electronics. I worked out the most basic details of this model and explained several mysterious quantum phenomena.
This book first introduces SOI device physics and its fundamental idiosyncrasies. It then walks the reader through realizations of these mechanisms, which are observed in common high-speed microprocessor designs. The book also offers rules of thumb and comparisons to conventional bulk CMOS to guide implementation and describes a number of unique circuit topologies that SOI supports.
Radiation-induced soft errors are a major concern for modern digital circuits, especially memory elements. Unlike large Random Access Memories that can be protected using error-correcting codes and bit interleaving, soft error protection of sequential elements, i.e. latches and flip-flops, is challenging. Traditional techniques for designing soft-error-resilient sequential elements generally address single node errors, or Single Event Upsets (SEUs). However, with technology scaling, the charge deposited by a single particle strike can be simultaneously collected and shared by multiple circuit nodes, resulting in Single Event Multiple Upsets (SEMUs). In this work, we target SEMUs by presenting a design framework for soft-error-resilient sequential cell design with an overview of existing circuit and layout techniques for soft error mitigation, and introducing a new soft error resilience layout design principle called LEAP, or Layout Design through Error-Aware Transistor Positioning. We then discuss our application of LEAP to the SEU-immune Dual Interlocked Storage Cell (DICE) by implementing a new sequential element layout called LEAP-DICE, retaining the original DICE circuit topology. We compare the soft error performance of SEU-immune flip-flops with the LEAP-DICE flip-flop using a test chip in 180nm CMOS under 200-MeV proton radiation and conclude that 1) our LEAP-DICE flip-flop encounters on average 2,000X and 5X fewer errors compared to a conventional D flip-flop and our reference DICE flip-flop, respectively; 2) our LEAP-DICE flip-flop has the best soft error performance among all existing SEU-immune flip-flops; 3) In the evaluation of our design framework, we also discovered new soft error effects related to operating conditions such as voltage scaling, clock frequency setting and radiation dose.
The study of self-consciousness helps humans understand themselves and restores their identities. But self-consciousness has been a mystery since the beginning of history, and this mystery cannot be resolved by conventional natural science. In Self-Consciousness, author Masakazu Shoji takes the mystery out of self-consciousness by proposing the idea that the human brain and body are a biological machine. A former VLSI microprocessor designer and semiconductor physicist, Shoji was guided by the ideas of ancient sages to create a conceptual design of a human machine brain model. He explains how it works, how it senses itself and the outside world, and how the machine creates the sense of existence of the subject SELF to itself, just as a living human brain does. A follow-up to Shojis previous book, Neuron Circuits, Electronic Circuits, and Self-Consciousness, this new volume examines self-consciousness from three unconventional viewpoints to present a complex theory of the mind and how self-consciousness develops.
The electronic circuit is a proud child of twentieth century natural science. In a hundred short years it has developed to the point that it now enhances nearly every aspect of human life. Yet our basic understanding of electronic-circuit operation, electronic -circuittheory, has not made significant progress during the semiconductor industry's explosive growth from 1950s to the present. This is because the electronic circuit has never been considered to be a challenging research subject by physi cists. Linear passive circuit theory was established by the late 1940s. After the advent of the semiconductor electron devices, the interest of the technical community shifted away from circuit theory. Twenty years later, when integrated circuit technology began an explosive growth, cir cuit theory was again left behind in the shadow of rapidly progressing computer-aided design (CAD) technology. The present majority view is that electronic-circuit theory stands in a subordinate position to CAD and to device-processing technology. In 1950s and 1960s, several new semiconductor devices were invented every year, and each new device seemed to have some interesting funda mental physical mechanisms that appeared worth investigating. Com pared to attractive device physics, the problems of the semiconductor device circuit appeared less sophisticated and less attractive. Bright minds of the time drifted away from circuit theory to electron-device physics. After thirty years only one type of semiconductor device, the electron triode with several variations survived, whereas hundreds of them went into oblivion.