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Based on two national assessments of the writing proficiency of representative samples of students in grades 4, 8, and 11 conducted during the school years ending in 1984 and 1988, this report assesses the informative, persuasive, and imaginative writing performance of the nation's students and tracks changes in performance over time. The first three chapters of the report describe student performance on the informative, persuasive, and imaginative writing tasks included in the writing trend assessments, based on the results of the primary trait and holistic analyses. The fourth chapter summarizes trends in average task accomplishment for the nation and various demographic subpopulations. In the fifth chapter, trends in students' grammar, punctuation, and spelling are discussed. The sixth chapter discusses factors that appear to be related to writing performance, such as students' instructional experiences and home environment. The report concludes that despite some progress on some tasks, students' writing performance across tasks remains low and has changed little across time. The report also finds that the extent to which students at all grade levels value writing, use it in their own lives, and engage in writing process activities remains quite limited. (A procedural appendix and an appendix of data are attached.) (RS)
Contains information on a variety of subjects within the field of education statistics, including the number of schools and colleges, enrollments, teachers, graduates, educational attainment, finances, Federal funds for education, libraries, international education, and research and development.
This edition is the 30th in a series of publications initiated in 1962. Its primary purpose is to provide a compilation of statistical information covering the broad field of American education from kindergarten through graduate school. The "Digest" includes a selection of data from many sources, and draws especially on the results of surveys and activities of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The publication contains information on a variety of subjects, including: (1) numbers of schools and colleges; (2) numbers of teachers; (3) enrollments; (4) graduates; (5) educational attainment; (6) finances; (7) Federal funds for education; (8) employment and income of graduates; (9) libraries; and (10) international comparisons of education. Supplemental information is provided on population trends, attitudes toward education, educational characteristics of the labor force, government finances, and economic trends. Some information is also given on preschool and adult education. Data are presented in 411 tables, with an additional 20 tables in an appendix. (SLD)
This book undertakes a general framework within which to consider the complex nature of the writing task in English, both as a first, and as a second language. The volume explores varieties of writing, different purposes for learning to write extended text, and cross-cultural variation among second-language writers. The volume overviews textlinguistic research, explores process approaches to writing, discusses writing for professional purposes, and contrastive rhetoric. It proposes a model for text construction as well as a framework for a more general theory of writing. Later chapters, organised around seventy-five themes for writing instruction are devoted to the teaching of writing at the beginning, intermediate, and advanced levels. Writing assessment and other means for responding to writing are also discussed. William Grabe and Robert Kaplan summarise various theoretical strands that have been recently explored by applied linguists and other writing researchers, and draw these strands together into a coherent overview of the nature of written text. Finally they suggest methods for the teaching of writing consistent with the nature, processes and social context of writing.