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"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anythingupon insufficient evidence." -- W. K. CliffordThe above forthright assertion of mathematician and educator W. K. Clifford (1845-1879) in his famous essay "The Ethics of Belief" drew an immediate response from Victorian-era critics, who took issue with his reasoned and brilliantly presented attack on beliefs "not founded on fair inquiry." An advocate of evolutionary theory, Clifford recognized that working hypotheses and assumptions are necessary for belief formation and that testing and assessing one''s beliefs in light of new evidence strengthens those worthy of being held. "The Ethics of Belief" is presented here in complete form, along with an insightful biographical introduction by editor Timothy J. Madigan. Also included are four other noteworthy essays by Clifford: "On the Aims and Instruments of Scientific Thought," "Right and Wrong," "The Ethics of Religion," and "The Influence upon Morality of a Decline in Religious Belief."
Years after his death, the ideas of E.F. Schumacher still resonate through the environmental movement. With deep spiritual vision and rejection of Western materialism and economic exploitation, Schumacher saw the need to give societies, communities and individuals practical tools for change. He is best known for his book Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered, which became an international best-seller. Both activist and philosopher, his concerns included economics, energy, farming, industry and the inner life of human beings. He was for many years Chief Economist to the Coal Board, and latterly Chairman of the Soil Association; he also originated the concept of intermediate technology. His enduring influence has been recognised by the setting up in 1992 of Schumacher College, an international college for ecological and spiritual values, and the Schumacher Society, which was established in 1977.
Our Fate collects John Martin Fischer's previously published articles on the relationship between God's foreknowledge and human freedom. The book includes a substantial new introductory essay that puts all of the chapters into a cohesive framework, and presents a bold new account of God's foreknowledge of free actions in a causally indeterministic world.
In the book "The Will to Believe," James discusses the interrelationships of belief, will, and intellect. He examines such questions as to how we believe, how our intellectual considerations influence our beliefs, or whether the thought can be irrational. He compares chance versus determinism, free will versus fate, and pluralism versus monism. James also writes about psychical research, Hegelianism, and Spencer's philosophy.
Sydney Shoemaker is one of the most influential philosophers currently writing on philosophy of mind and metaphysics. The essays in this collection deal with the way in which we know our own minds, and with the nature of those mental states of which we have our most direct conscious awareness. Professor Shoemaker opposes the 'inner sense' conception of introspective self-knowledge. He defends the view that perceptual and sensory states have non-representational features - 'qualia' - that determine what it is like to have them. Amongst the other topics covered are the unity of consciousness, and the idea that the 'first-person perspective' gives a privileged route to philosophical understanding of the nature of mind. This major collection is sure to prove invaluable to all advanced students of the philosophy of mind and cognitive science.
Louis Althusser has tackled a wide variety of subjects, including philosophy, economics, psychology, aesthetics and political science. This book contains a selection of his writings.