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The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) has slowly emerged over the last twenty years as a response to a call for more sustainable development and effective steps toward poverty alleviation. SLF emphasizes the importance of a sustainable livelihood, using the resources to which one has access, and recognizing the vulnerabilities, policy, and other forces that may affect livelihood security, while striving to achieve the outcomes local people seek. This framework has been applied amply to poverty reduction efforts in Africa and Asia, but very llittle of it has been seen in Latin America. NGOs play a crucial role in implementing and utilizing the framework in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction as laid out by the UN. This thesis analyzes rural development NGOs' goals, principles and methodologies in Peru, comparing them to SLF for similarities and differences in current approaches. Using a three phase process of individual interviews, a presentation on SLF, and follow-up group interviews for each of 12 NGOs, data was collected on current practices and NGO opinion of the possibilities of utility of the framework in their work of poverty reduction in Peru, as well as their perception on donor agency influence on their projects and methodologies. The study found that NGOs in Peru are using many elements of SLF, including the goals, principles, and capitals component. These elements are present in the NGOs, but are not being applied as holistically as the framework suggests. Methodologies differ in that SLF focuses on analysis, while the NGOs tend to focus on technology transfer. Donors do have influence on methods and projects, and it would be beneficial for donors to contribute to NGO learning of SLF. Overall, NGOs expressed interest in learning more about SLF for possible implementation, and stated it would be useful for their work in poverty reduction.
This book provides a better understanding of the changing roles of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in promoting sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Peru. The book focuses on the domains of organic production, business social responsibility and sustainable production. The innovative study uses a combination of network and discourse analyses to identify the main patterns and shifts in the roles of NGOs in order to deal with sustainability and the market. Two major contemporary sociological theories - ecological modernization theory and network society theory - are applied to frame the analysis. The in-depth analysis of international networks of NGOs operating in Peru provide valuable inputs in terms of changes in network and discourse patterns, and consequently, changing roles for NGOs. Remarkably, social movement, liberal market and sustainability viewpoints are generating new networks and new discourses, with a prominent position of national and international NGOs vis-à-vis SMEs, and in absence of the national state. Next to the usual 'watchdog' roles, NGOs are developing roles of 'helper' in order to answer to the market needs of SMEs. The analyses challenges Castells scheme of space of flows versus space of place and suggests considering in ecological modernization theory both ecological rationality and social rationality in order to advance environmental governance of SMEs in developing countries, particularly in Latin America.
Sustainable Livelihoods and Rural Development looks at the role of social institutions and the politics of policy, as well as issues of identity, gender and generation. The relationships between sustainability and livelihoods are examined, and livelihoods analysis situated within a wider political economy of environmental and agrarian change.
"Education, arts and social sciences, natural and technical sciences in the United States and Canada".
Livestock projects are a popular type of development activity to provide resources that farmers can use to positively change their livelihoods. Recently NGOs have been moving towards more holistic approaches of monitoring and evaluating their development projects. While this is creating a more complete picture of immediate impacts in the community, there are short-term constraints due to the time frame in which the monitoring and evaluation occurs. This research used the sustainable livelihoods framework's livelihood capitals to determine what the long term impact of a livestock development project was on several areas in the Altiplano Highlands of southern Peru. The Heifer Project International's Alpaca Biodiversity Project was active from 2004-2007. Through a simple categorical analysis, the results determined that the area with the most enabling environmental factors saw the greatest Long-run benefits. The livestock project's livelihood capital resources contributed to the area were able to have a moderate to strong positive impact and be maintained because of the existing environmental factors. In the other area's the project's livelihood capital resources had adverse impacts according to the farmers interviewed. Overall, the area in which the project exists needs to have environmental factors that provide for the primary needs of the community, thus allowing for the farmers to fully utilize their available livelihood capital resources and new livelihood capital resources introduced by the project.
Sacred Ecology examines bodies of knowledge held by indigenous and other rural peoples around the world, and asks how we can learn from this knowledge and ways of knowing. Berkes explores the importance of local and indigenous knowledge as a complement to scientific ecology, and its cultural and political significance for indigenous groups themselves. This third edition further develops the point that traditional knowledge as process, rather than as content, is what we should be examining. It has been updated with about 150 new references, and includes an extensive list of web resources through which instructors can access additional material and further illustrate many of the topics and themes in the book. Winner of the Ecological Society of America's 2014 Sustainability Science Award.
The Routledge Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction Including Climate Change Adaptation aims to provide an overview and critique of the current state of knowledge, policy, and practice, encouraging engagement, and reflection on bringing the two sectors together. This long-awaited and welcomed volume makes a compelling case that a common research agenda and a series of practical policies and policy recommendations can and should be put in place. Over 40 contributions explore DRR including CCA in five parts. The first part presents and interrogates much of the typical vocabulary seen in DRR including CCA, not only pointing out the useful and not-so-useful dimensions, but also providing alternatives and positive examples. The second part explains how to move forward creating and supporting positive crossovers and connections, while the third one explores some aspects of multi-dimensional approaches to knowing and understanding. The fourth part argues for a balanced approach to governance, taking both governmental and non-governmental governance, as well as different scales of governance, into consideration. The final part of the Handbook emphasises DRR including CCA as an investment, rather than a cost, and connects its further implementation with livelihoods of people around the world. This handbook highlights the connections amongst the processes of dealing with disasters and dealing with climate change. It demonstrates how little climate change brings which is new and emphasises the strengths of placing climate change within wider contexts in order to draw on all our strengths while overcoming limitations with specialities. It will prove to be a valuable guide for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, academics, policy makers, and practitioners with an interest in disaster risk reduction and climate change.