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It has been well documented that professional athletes have been actively using Twitter to communicate directly with each other and their fans; however, relatively little media and/or mass communications research has explored the effect this direct communication channel has had on the role of journalists who cover these athletes. Traditionally, sports reporters have served in a gatekeeping role, deciding what news and information is worthy of coverage on the beat. The present study sought to assess how, if at all, sports reporters covering the four major U.S. sports -- baseball, basketball, football, and hockey -- are using the Twitter feeds of athletes in their coverage and what, if any, impact the Twitter presence of athletes has had on their role as gatekeepers. A search of sports beat coverage in eight daily newspapers during a one-month period yielded a total of 74 articles in which the Twitter feed of an athlete was used as a news source. A textual analysis of these articles revealed that tweets are used in place of quotes when an interview is not possible, as a source of breaking news about the athlete and/or his team, as the genesis of a story, and to gauge public sentiment toward an athlete. Interviews with 20 of the sports reporters covering the four major sports at the eight newspapers and five of the editors at these outlets confirmed these uses. Respondents also acknowledged that Twitter has enabled athletes to communicate directly with their fans without involving the traditional sports media. However, most the respondents also noted that the limitations of the medium kept their roles as reporters relevant to the fan/reader.
Twitter quickly became one of the world's most popular social media sites after its launch in 2006. Anyone can publish their thoughts using tweets of up to 140 characters. Athletes, coaches and sportswriters use Twitter to break news and interact with the fans. Sports Illustrated's Peter King and Green Bay Press-Gazette's Rob Demovsky said their publications directed them to use Twitter as part of their daily reporting. Players speak their mind on Twitter, but they must be careful because the messages are visible to millions of people. Some NFL figures tweeted their criticism of Jay Cutler during a playoff game. A few Packers started a controversy when they complained about a team photo. Zach Greinke was traded to the Brewers during 2010, and most of the story broke on Twitter. Sportswriters use the social medium because it provides instant information to their followers. Twitter activity continues to increase at a high rate, and the site's simplicity makes it the most popular source for sports news.
"The research reveals the differences in audience perceived credibility between an athlete's tweets and a sports reporter's story. Because audiences are drawn to Twitter accounts of athletes, the reporters' sources have become their competition. The study also investigates the difference between how often audiences choose Twitter over a reporter's story to obtain their sports news. A survey of RIT students measured how often participants obtain sports news from sports reporters' print or online stories and athletes' personal Twitter accounts. The audience's perceived credibility of the sources was also measured. Findings suggest audiences choose online articles as their source for sports news although heavy sports fans also use Twitter. Overall, sports reporters are perceived as more credible."--Abstract.
The second edition of Sports Journalism: An Introduction to Reporting and Writing has passed the test of time, been used in classrooms internationally, received approval and praise from professors and students, and now it, too, has moved into the new environment of sports media. New chapters on social media and topical issues in the sports world, as well as fresh examples and new references to current technology fill its pages whether you choose to read from a tablet, a Smartphone, a Chromebook or old-fashioned paper wrapped in a cardboard cover. Inside this new edition you’ll find • Three new chapters devoted to the evolution from a daily news source to a 24/7 news cycle. • Interviews with journalists whose circulation is measured in the number of Twitter followers he or she has. • A chapter encouraging discussion of ethical issues affecting today’s athletes: Should college athletes be paid to compete? Can play be too violent? Is there a level playing field for men and women? How should eligibility be determined for athletes who may be transitioning their gender identity? • A glossary that includes terms such as ‘hot takes,’ ‘scrum,’ ‘trolls.’
How Journalists Use Twitter: The Changing Landscape of U.S. Newsrooms shows how leading reporters and editors at four major metropolitan newspapers are embracing Twitter as a key tool in their daily routines and how the social media platform influences coverage. This book builds on social media research by analyzing newsroom work through the lens of four different communications theories—diffusion of innovation, boundary, social capital and agenda-setting theories. This book will be of interest to scholars of communication, journalism, and new media.
This first book in the Journalism Insights series examines the major practical and ethical challenges confronting contemporary sports journalists which have emerged from, or been exacerbated by, the use of digital and social media. Combining both quantitative and qualitative research and contributions from industry experts in sports reporting across Europe, America and Australia, the collection offers a valuable look at the digital sports reporting industry today. Issues discussed in the text include the ethical questions created by social media abuse received by sports journalists, the impact of social media on narratives about gender and race, and the ‘silencing’ of journalists over the issue of trans athletes, as well as the impact on ‘traditional’ aspects of sports journalism, such as the match report. The book features first-hand accounts from leading sports reporters and scholars about how these changes have affected the industry and sets out what ‘best practice’ looks like in this field today. This book will be a useful resource for scholars and students working in the fields of journalism, media, sports and communication, as well as for current sports journalism practitioners interested in the future of a changing industry.
Some say it's simply information, mirroring the world. Others believe it's propaganda, promoting a partisan view. But news, Michael Schudson tells us, is really both and neither; it is a form of culture, complete with its own literary and social conventions and powerful in ways far more subtle and complex than its many critics might suspect. A penetrating look into this culture, The Power of News offers a compelling view of the news media's emergence as a central institution of modern society, a key repository of common knowledge and cultural authority. One of our foremost writers on journalism and mass communication, Schudson shows us the news evolving in concert with American democracy and industry, subject to the social forces that shape the culture at large. He excavates the origins of contemporary journalistic practices, including the interview, the summary lead, the preoccupation with the presidency, and the ironic and detached stance of the reporter toward the political world. His book explodes certain myths perpetuated by both journalists and critics. The press, for instance, did not bring about the Spanish-American War or bring down Richard Nixon; TV did not decide the Kennedy-Nixon debates or turn the public against the Vietnam War. Then what does the news do? True to their calling, the media mediate, as Schudson demonstrates. He analyzes how the news, by making knowledge public, actually changes the character of knowledge and allows people to act on that knowledge in new and significant ways. He brings to bear a wealth of historical scholarship and a keen sense for the apt questions about the production, meaning, and reception of news today.
Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production is the first comprehensive study of the latest wave of online news publications. The book investigates the collaborative publishing models of key news Websites, ranging from the worldwide Indymedia network to the massively successful technology news site Slashdot, and further to the multitude of Weblogs that have emerged in recent years. Building on collaborative approaches borrowed from the open source software development community, this book illustrates how gatewatching provides an alternative to gatekeeping and other traditional journalistic models of reporting, and has enabled millions of users around the world to participate in the online news publishing process.
Television is no longer the only screen delivering footage and news to people about sport. Computers, the Internet, Web, mobile and other digital media are increasingly important technologies in the production and consumption of sports media. Sport Beyond Television analyzes the changes that have given rise to this situation, combining theoretical insights with original evidence collected through extensive research and interviews with people working in the media and sport industries. It locates sports media as a pivotal component in online content economies and cultures, and counteracts the scant scholarly attention to sports media when compared to music, film and publishing in convergent media cultures. An expanding array of popular sports media – industry, user, club, athlete and fan produced – is now available and accessible in networked digital communications environments. This change is confounding the thinking of major sports organizations that have lived off the generous revenue flowing from exclusive broadcast contracts with free-to-air and subscription television networks for the last five decades. These developments are creating commercial and policy confusion, particularly as sports audiences and the advertising market fragment in line with the proliferation of niche channels and sources of digital sports media. Chapters in this title examine the shift from broadcast to online sports media markets, the impact of social networking platforms like Twitter and Facebook, evolving user and fan practices, the changing character of sports journalism, and the rise of sports computer gaming. Each chapter traces the socio-cultural implications of trends and trajectories in media sport.
This dissertation studies how sports journalists are adapting to the emerging institutional requirement to use Twitter to live-tweet during sporting events. This phenomenon is the result of the rise of the "second screen," wherein stakeholders of a live televised event convene to discuss the event online via their second screen, the computing device they use while watching the event. Institutional theory and the news ecology model framework offer a basis for considering reasons why professional journalists have shifted to live-tweeting during sporting events, which is a distinct departure from pre-social media event sharing. As journalist live-tweeting is a concept still being understood in both industry and scholarly research, this phenomenon as it relates to journalist professional duties bears study. A three-year content analysis of journalist live-tweeting from the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing's (NASCAR) premiere racing event, the Daytona 500, via a mixed method approach, was used to determine journalist tweeting behaviors during the race and denote trends or shifts over the three years. Results indicated that there were significantly different tweet tendencies between bloggers and institutional journalists. Among the findings, bloggers were far more likely to write opinion tweets and engage with fans, while institution-affiliated journalists were far more likely to tweet information and cite sources. Tweets were more likely to be sent during caution laps than green flag laps, hashtags were not shown to be essential elements of tweets, and photo sharing was used to demonstrate credibility and access. Further, institutional print and online journalists became more homogenous in their tweeting tendencies after three years both within their peer groups and in the aggregate, offering support for institutional theory. Television broadcasters reporting in broadcast booths tweeted more frequently with each passing year, while the trend did not hold true for other types of journalists. Institutional theory, specifically the news ecology model, was shown to be a predictor in part of the research findings. Homogeneity and mimicry were seen in tweets, and Twitter presence was stable over all three years of data. However, elements of branding theory were also noted, including institutional journalist opinion sharing, and adding humor and promotional information in tweets.