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A quasi-objective method for deriving 500-mb geopotential heights with the aid of satellite cloud observations is presented. The method uses satellite-observed cloud patterns in conjunction with a forecast 500-mb height field which is separated into additive short- and long-wave component fields. Empirical relationships between the cloud patterns and the short-wave component field are used to modify the pattern of the latter, and regression equations are used to specify extrema values. The 500-mb heights are retrieved by the direct addition of the modified short-wavelength field to the long-wavelength field. Procedures for using this method operationally are presented, and results of real-time modifications can contribute to significant improvements in the analysis.
A verification procedure is applied to determine the accuracy of the Satellite Infrared Spectrometer (SIRS) B temperature retrievals by measuring their usefulness in the context of the National Meteorological Center (Suitland, Md.) operations. Three pressure levels are considered. It is shown that temperatures derived from satellite data for application at 200 mb are definitely useful while at 500 and 300 mb, under certain cloud conditions, the SIRS temperatures are moderately useful.
Radiometric observations have been made from aircraft with spacecraft prototype instruments to test satellite remote sensing techniques. At the same time these observations have been used to study the problem of remote sensing from aircraft because of its own particular value in providing data in the support of sub-synoptic scale meteorological experiments such as the forthcoming GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. This paper describes aircraft radiometric methods of obtaining clear column radiances, vertical temperature profiles, total precipitable water, and cloud heights and amounts. Questions regarding vertical resolution and accuracy specification as a function of aircraft altitudes are answered. Results obtained using observations made during June 1970 with prototype versions of the Nimbus-E ITPR aboard the NASA CV-990 are presented and discussed. It is concluded that multi-spectral radiometers aboard an aircraft can be effective meteorological observing tools.