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The UNCTAD Liner Code: United States Maritime Policy at the Crossroads Lawrence Juda World shipping--vital to international trade--is now going through a period of radical change. The UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences is an important manifestation of that change, reflecting the pressures exerted by developing countries for a New International Economic Order and for modifications in the system of international trade. The code, best known for its provisions on liner cargo allocations, includes a number of other very significant stipulations important for U.S. policy. For several years the United States has opposed the convention and acted on the assumption that the EEC countries, Japan, and other developed states would not ratify it. Now that ratification appears imminent, the United States may find itself isolated and exposed to a number of problems whose impacts may be felt not only in maritime affairs but also in trade, diplomacy, and security. This study examines the nature, provisions, and possible effects of the UNCTAD Liner Code. Dr. Juda evaluates how the regime of the code compares with the present U.S. framework for liner regulations and promotion, then outlines and assesses the major policy options available to the United States given the positions taken by the developing states and the EEC. The book is based on interviews with key officials and on U.N. and U.S. government documents.
Preemption is a doctrine of American constitutional law, under which states and local governments are deprived of their power to act in a given area, whether or not the state or local law, rule or action is in direct conflict with federal law. This book covers not only the basics of preemption but also focuses on such topics as federal mechanisms for agency preemption, implied forms of preemption, and defensive use of federal preemption in civil litigation.
Explains process of importing goods into the U.S., including informed compliance, invoices, duty assessments, classification and value, marking requirements, etc.
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