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The Three Way-marks by Robert Caldwell first published in 1860.THIS little book was originally written in Tamil, under the name of நன்னெறிக்குறிப்பு, and has now been translated into English in the supposition that it may be read with advantage by natives who have learned English. The ideas contained in the book being such as unlearned natives can understand and appreciate, and those ideas being expressed in a style resembling that of the Indian languages, it is hoped that the book will be more thoroughly intelligible than ordinary English books to those Hindus who understand English, but who think in the vernaculars. If this little work should fall into the hands of any natives of superior attainments who have studied European sciences and the history of the western nations, their knowledge of history will enable them to confirm the truth of what is stated herein by many remarkable illustrations, which the writer was prevented from making use of by the fear that they would not be understood, and the certainty that they would not be appreciated, by persons who were ignorant of geography and history.
While much of the literature has focused on explaining diachronic variation and change, the fact that sometimes change does not seem to happen has received much less attention. The current volume unites ten contributions that look for the determinants of diachronic stability, mainly in the areas of morphology and (morpho)syntax. The relevant question is approached from different angles, both empirical and theoretical. Empirically, the contributions deal with the absence of change where one may expect it, uncover underlying stability where traditionally diachronic change was postulated, and, inversely, superficial stability that disguises underlying change. Determining factors ranging from internal causes to language contact are explored. Theoretically, the questions of whether stable variation is possible, and how it can be modeled are addressed. The volume will be of interest to linguists working on the causes of language change, and to scholars working on the history of Germanic, Romance, and Sinitic languages.
Felicity Meakins was awarded the Kenneth L. Hale Award 2021 by the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) for outstanding work on the documentation of endangered languages This volume provides the first comprehensive description of Bilinarra, a Pama-Nyungan language of the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (Australia). Bilinarra is a highly endangered language with only one speaker remaining in 2012 and no child learners. The materials on which this grammatical description is based were collected by the authors over a 20 year period from the last first-language speakers of the language, most of whom have since passed away. Bilinarra is a member of the Ngumpin subgroup of Pama-Nyungan which forms a part of the Ngumpin-Yapa family, which also includes Warlpiri. It is non-configurational, with nominals commonly omitted, arguments cross-referenced by pronominal clitics and word order grammatically free and largely determined by information structure. In this grammatical description much attention is paid to its morphosyntax, including case morphology, the pronominal clitic system and complex predicates. A particular strength of the volume is the provision of sound files for example sentences, allowing the reader access to the language itself.
Until recently, mixed languages were considered an oddity of contact linguistics, with debates about whether or not they actually existed stifling much descriptive work or discussion of their origins. These debates have shifted from questioning their existence to a focus on their formation, and their social and structural features. This book aims to advance our understanding of how mixed languages evolve by introducing a substantial corpus from a newly-described mixed language, Gurindji Kriol. Gurindji Kriol is spoken by the Gurindji people who live at Kalkaringi in northern Australia and is the result of pervasive code-switching practices. Although Gurindji Kriol bears some resemblance to both of its source languages, it uses the forms from these languages to function within a unique system. This book focuses on one structural aspect of Gurindji Kriol, case morphology, which is from Gurindji, but functions in ways that differ from its source.
Are you a seeker, a searcher, a pilgrim? Here is a 'thought for today' for each day of the year, a 'cairn' on the faint track, showing that someone has been this way before. Cairns mark turning points on a route, warnings where there is danger, people and events that are worth remembering from the past, inspiring us for the future. In deserts, in mountains, and in the maze of city streets we need help if we are not to lose our way. Jim Cotter writes from within the Christian tradition as a 'pilgrim soul', often on the edge of the Church, but in touch enough for the book to be commended by Stephen Lowe, Anglican Bishop of Hulme (Manchester). Here is a sample, for 31st January: "Constant exhortations to be good have little or no effect: they merely add to the burdens of guilt and fear, allies of a cold moralism, rigid and solemn... Of course you fail...Relax...Admit the shames and pretences, the pride and the hiding away, the refusal to let your own truth be seen... Accept that much failure comes from the difficulty of translating your desire to love into an ability to love well... So let laughter well up from the deeps, and tears too. Gently shake away the fear, and begin, slowly, to flow again."
Semantic alignment refers to a type of language that has two means of morphosyntactically encoding the arguments of intransitive predicates, typically treating these as an agent or as a patient of a transitive predicate, or else by a means of a treatment that varies according to lexical aspect. This collection of new typological and case studies is the first book-length investigation of semantically aligned languages for three decades. Leading international typologists explore the differences and commonalities of languages with semantic alignment systems and compare the structure of these languages to languages without them. They look at how such systems arise or disappear and provide areal overviews of Eurasia, the Americas, and the south-west Pacific, the areas where semantically aligned languages are concentrated. This book will interest typological and historical linguists at graduate level and above.
Inside the second-hand phone Chen Hao bought, there was actually a Heavenly Court's welfare group, various great gods crazily sent red packets, and a Heavenly Court store that had all sorts of martial skills, pills, pets, weapons, and magical equipment! Thus, the ordinary university student, Chen Hao, embarked on the bizarre path of cultivation.