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Excerpt from The Theory of Ionization of Gases by Collision After studying the changes which take place in the conductivity of gases through which ions are passing under various conditions, I was led to propose the theory of ionization by collision to explain the development of currents in gases. The accuracy of the theory has been established by a large number of experiments specially arranged to measure conductivities which could be compared with the values obtained from theoretical considerations. The researches have brought to light the fact that ionization by collision takes place when comparatively small potential differences are established between electrodes in a gas at a suitable pressure, so that considerable multiplication of the ions may be obtained by this process with forty or fifty volts, and consequently with comparatively small velocities of the ions. This is in marked contrast with the previously known cases of ionization produced by the motion of ions through a gas, where the velocity is always very high, sometimes approaching that of light. Such, for instance, is the case for the negative particles emitted by radioactive substances, or for the particles composing the cathode rays and the Lenard rays when the ions move with velocities that are acquired under the action of some thousands of volts. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Provides a comprehensive review and usable problem-solving techniques for aerospace engineering plasma applications.
The growing number of scientific and technological applications of plasma physics in the field of Aerospace Engineering requires that graduate students and professionals understand their principles. This introductory book is the expanded version of class notes of lectures I taught for several years to students of Aerospace Engineering and Physics. It is intended as a reading guide, addressed to students and non-specialists to tackle later with more advanced texts. To make the subject more accessible the book does not follow the usual organization of standard textbooks in this field and is divided in two parts. The first introduces the basic kinetic theory (molecular collisions, mean free path, etc.) of neutral gases in equilibrium in connection to the undergraduate physics courses. The basic properties of ionized gases and plasmas (Debye length, plasma frequencies, etc.) are addressed in relation to their equilibrium states and the collisional processes at the microscopic level. The physical description of short and long-range (Coulomb) collisions and the more relevant collisions (elementary processes) between electrons' ions and neutral atoms or molecules are discussed. The second part introduces the physical description of plasmas as a statistical system of interacting particles introducing advanced concepts of kinetic theory, (non-equilibrium distribution functions, Boltzmann collision operator, etc). The fluid transport equations for plasmas of electron ions and neutral atoms and the hydrodynamic models of interest in space science and plasma technology are derived. The plasma production in the laboratory in the context of the physics of electric breakdown is also discussed. Finally, among the myriad of aerospace applications of plasma physics, the low pressure microwave electron multipactor breakdown and plasma thrusters for space propulsion are presented in two separate chapters.