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This book provides the first English translation of the Greek text of the Spherics of Theodosios (2nd-1st century BCE), a canonical mathematical and astronomical text used from as early as the 2nd century CE until the early modern period. Accompanied by an introduction to the life and works of Theodosios and a contextualization of his Spherics among other works of Greek mathematics and astronomy, the translation is followed by a detailed commentary, and an accessible English paraphrase accompanied with mathematically generated diagrams. The volume has a broad appeal to both general and specialist readers who do not read ancient Greek – allowing readers to understand the mathematical and astronomical principles and methods used by ancient and medieval readers of this important text. The paraphrase with its mathematical diagrams will be useful for readers with a scientific and mathematical background. This study of one of the canonical mathematical and astronomical texts of the ancient Greco-Roman, classical Islamic, and medieval Christian worlds provides an invaluable resource for historians of science, astronomy, and mathematics, and scholars of the ancient and medieval periods.
Reprint of the original, first published in 1883.
Energy of knots is a theory that was introduced to create a OC canonical configurationOCO of a knot OCo a beautiful knot which represents its knot type. This book introduces several kinds of energies, and studies the problem of whether or not there is a OC canonical configurationOCO of a knot in each knot type. It also considers this problems in the context of conformal geometry. The energies presented in the book are defined geometrically. They measure the complexity of embeddings and have applications to physical knotting and unknotting through numerical experiments. Contents: In Search of the OC Optimal EmbeddingOCO of a Knot: -Energy Functional E (); On E (2); L p Norm Energy with Higher Index; Numerical Experiments; Stereo Pictures of E (2) Minimizers; Energy of Knots in a Riemannian Manifold; Physical Knot Energies; Energy of Knots from a Conformal Geometric Viewpoint: Preparation from Conformal Geometry; The Space of Non-Trivial Spheres of a Knot; The Infinitesimal Cross Ratio; The Conformal Sin Energy E sin (c) Measure of Non-Trivial Spheres; Appendices: Generalization of the Gauss Formula for the Linking Number; The 3-Tuple Map to the Set of Circles in S 3; Conformal Moduli of a Solid Torus; Kirchhoff Elastica; Open Problems and Dreams. Readership: Graduate students and researchers in geometry & topology and numerical & computational mathematics."