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1.1 Background Steel besides an alloy is referred to as the backbone of human civilization, since it has been serving mankind from hundreds of years in realizing their social, cultural, political and economical needs. Steel essentially composed of iron and other elements like carbon, manganese, silicon etc. Steel by its virtue of nature is an eco-friendly product used in our everyday life. It has been the material for innumerable applications in the past and it would likely to continue in the future for sure. At modern times, its production is considered as the crucial factor for the development of economies. Steel is shining up to the extent that any country’s socio-economic development and standard of living is determined by its per-capita consumption. During the early period of globalization steel industry was in the forefront among the other sectors and made rapid strides since then. Increasing modernization of green and brown field plants in the twenty-first century has led in doubling of global steel production from 851 million tons at the turn of the century in 2000 to 1,662 million tons in 2014. According to World Steel Association, the global steel demand is estimated to realize 3000 million tons in 2025. The past growth in production and consumption of steel has largely been at the cornerstone of the heightened economic activity in the emerging economies, especially China, whose demand remains a pivotal factor driving the global steel industry.
How and why did Europe spawn dictatorships and violence in the first half of the twentieth century, and then, after 1945 in the west and after 1989 in the east, create successful civilian societies? In this book, Volker Berghahn explains the rise and fall of the men of violence whose wars and civil wars twice devastated large areas of the European continent and Russia--until, after World War II, Europe adopted a liberal capitalist model of society that had first emerged in the United States, and the beginnings of which the Europeans had experienced in the mid-1920s. Berghahn begins by looking at how the violence perpetrated in Europe's colonial empires boomeranged into Europe, contributing to the millions of casualties on the battlefields of World War I. Next he considers the civil wars of the 1920s and the renewed rise of militarism and violence in the wake of the Great Crash of 1929. The second wave of even more massive violence crested in total war from 1939 to 1945 that killed more civilians than soldiers, and this time included the industrialized murder of millions of innocent men, women, and children in the Holocaust. However, as Berghahn concludes, the alternative vision of organizing a modern industrial society on a civilian basis--in which people peacefully consume mass-produced goods rather than being 'consumed' by mass-produced weapons--had never disappeared. With the United States emerging as the hegemonic power of the West, it was this model that finally prevailed in Western Europe after 1945 and after the end of the Cold War in Eastern Europe as well.
American and world history, geography, and economics are incorporated into an easy-to-use question guide for the study of any period or culture. Includes teaching tips, instructions for making timelines, lists of map skills, reproducible blank maps, definitions of geographic terms, questions to provide practice in analysis for high school students, lists of literature, games, and movies on video arranged by period and topic. Grades K-12.
William Lazonick explores how technological change has interacted with the organization of work, with major consequences for national competitiveness and industrial leadership. Looking at Britain, the United States, and Japan from the nineteenth century to the present, he explains changes in their status as industrial superpowers. Lazonick stresses the importance for industrial leadership of cooperative relations between employers and shop-floor workers. Such relations permit employers to use new technologies to their maximum potential, which in turn transforms the high fixed costs inherent in these technologies into low unit costs and large market shares. Cooperative relations can also lead employers to invest in the skills of workers themselves--skills that enable shop-floor workers to influence quality as well as quantity of production. To build cooperative shop-floor relations, successful employers have been willing to pay workers higher wages than they could have secured elsewhere in the economy. They have also been willing to offer workers long-term employment security. These policies, Lazonick argues, have not come at the expense of profits but rather have been a precondition for making profits. Focusing particularly on the role of labor-management relations in fostering "flexible mass production" in Japan since the 1950s, Lazonick criticizes those economists and politicians who, in the face of the Japanese challenge, would rely on free markets alone to restore the international competitiveness of industry in Britain and the United States.
Committee Serial No. 14