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This publication is the Social System for a community-type society; it is a standardized social system for the organized structuring of a mutually fulfilled social population. A social system describes the organized structuring of a social environment. A social system is a grouping of units of individuation (here, units of consciousness) forming a cooperative network in which information is shared and integrated through a whole, data structure. The term social system is used, in general, to refer to lifeforms in definite relation to each other, which have enduring patterns of behavior in that relationship. This social system standard identifies humanity’s aligned interests, and that which everyone has socially in common. It is an organizing system for social navigation that specifies a direction, orientation, and approach to socio-technical life. The standard details the purpose for the society’s existence (a direction), its value system (an orientation), and its approach (a methodology and methods). Herein, these concepts, their relationships and understandings, are defined and modeled. Discursive reasoning is provided for the selection of this specific configuration of a social system, as opposed to the selection and encoding of other configurations, and their consequences are evidenced. The social system provides a description of who humanity is, and where humanity is going, by identifying its social organization.
First Published in 1996. Volume 7 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL MOBILITY of the ‘American Cities; series. This collection brings together more than 200 scholarly articles pertaining to the history and development of urban life in the United States during the past two centuries. Volume 7 looks at social class structure and social mobility. Its articles address questions that have intrigued historians for decades. What has been the class structure of American cities during the past two centuries? How much mobility has been possible? For whom has it been possible? What has been the relationship between social and geographic mobility? Finally, how have all kinds of Americans tried to improve their social status?
It is not uncommon for white suburban youths to perform rap music, for New York fashion designers to ransack the world's closets for inspiration, or for Euro-American authors to adopt the voice of a geisha or shaman. But who really owns these art forms? Is it the community in which they were originally generated, or the culture that has absorbed them? While claims of authenticity or quality may prompt some consumers to seek cultural products at their source, the communities of origin are generally unable to exclude copyists through legal action. Like other works of unincorporated group authorship, cultural products lack protection under our system of intellectual property law. But is this legal vacuum an injustice, the lifeblood of American culture, a historical oversight, a result of administrative incapacity, or all of the above? Who Owns Culture? offers the first comprehensive analysis of cultural authorship and appropriation within American law. From indigenous art to Linux, Susan Scafidi takes the reader on a tour of the no-man's-land between law and culture, pausing to ask: What prompts us to offer legal protection to works of literature, but not folklore? What does it mean for a creation to belong to a community, especially a diffuse or fractured one? And is our national culture the product of Yankee ingenuity or cultural kleptomania? Providing new insights to communal authorship, cultural appropriation, intellectual property law, and the formation of American culture, this innovative and accessible guide greatly enriches future legal understanding of cultural production.
Introduction to American Law Overview of the U.S. Legal System Branches of Government and Separation of Powers The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights Administrative Law and Federal Agencies Civil Procedure and the Court System Criminal Law and the Criminal Justice Process Contract Law and Business Transactions Tort Law and Personal Injury Property Law and Real Estate Intellectual Property Law Family Law and Domestic Relations Immigration and Citizenship Law Conclusion and Key Takeaways
The late Pierre Bourdieu's study challenges the assumptions of orthodox economic theory by showing how the market is effectively constructed by the state. He contends that supply, demand, the market and even the buyer are products of a process of social construction.
This book proposes the study of norms as a method of explaining human choice and behaviour by introducing a new scientific perspective. The science of norms may here be broadly understood as a social science which includes elements from both the behavioural and legal sciences. It is given that a science of norms is not normative in the sense of prescribing what is right or wrong in various situations. Compared with legal science, sociology of law has an interest in the operational side of legal rules and regulation. This book develops a synthesizing social science approach to better understand societal development in the wake of the increasingly significant digital technology. The underlying idea is that norms as expectations today are not primarily related to social expectations emanating from human interactions but come from systems that mankind has created for fulfilling its needs. Today the economy, via the market, and technology via digitization, generate stronger and more frequent expectations than the social system. By expanding the sociological understanding of norms, the book makes comparisons between different parts of society possible and creates a more holistic understanding of contemporary society. The book will be of interest to academics and researchers in the areas of sociology of law, legal theory, philosophy of law, sociology and social psychology.
This book examines the foundations of the system for owning and taxing agricultural land in the United States. It considers the conditions of land policy at several levels of government and questions some of the historical views of progress.