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Excerpt from The Social Philosophy of Instinct In submitting this essay on The Social Philosophy of Instinct to the public, I am full of hope that it may prove helpful to classes in Ethics, Sociology, and Psychology; for all of these are interested in one way or another in the relation of original nature to the values, motives, and impulses of the adult. Above all, I am hopeful that this essay may prove illuminating to our social theorists, who talk so confidently about the expression, thwarting, and repression of original nature by our customs and institutions. If it serves to introduce a more critical attitude regarding the dogmatic claims of evolutionists, which in many cases are supplying the bases of the above sciences, it will have served admirably its purpose. I wish to take this opportunity to thank my teachers at Columbia University for the aid they have given me in making this study. Especially do I feel under obligation to Professors Woodworth, Woodbridge, and Ogburn. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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. Renewal of Life by Transmission. The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing. As long as it endures, it struggles to use surrounding energies in its own behalf. It uses light, air, moisture, and the material of soil. To say that it uses them is to say that it turns them into means of its own conservation. As long as it is growing, the energy it expends in thus turning the environment to account is more than compensated for by the return it gets: it grows. Understanding the word "control" in this sense, it may be said that a living being is one that subjugates and controls for its own continued activity the energies that would otherwise use it up. Life is a self-renewing process through action upon the environment.
An anthology of 50 classic philosophy works with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for. Works include: As A Man Thinketh by James Allen The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine Alcibiades I by Plato Alexandria and her Schools by Charles Kingsley An 'Attic' Philosopher by Emile Souvestre An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding by David Hume An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Taste, and of the Origin of our Ideas of Beauty, etc. by Frances Reynolds An Essay on the Beautiful by Plotinus An Introduction to Philosophy by George Stuart Fullerton The Analects of Confucius by James Legge The Analysis of Mind by Bertrand Russell The Ancient East by D. G. Hogarth SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR by Sun Tzu The Basis of Morality by Annie Besant Bergson and His Philosophy by J. Alexander Gunn Beyond Good and Evil by Friedrich Nietzsche The Book of Tea by Kakuzo Okakura Book of Wise Sayings by W. A. Clouston The Breath of Life by John Burroughs Bushido, the Soul of Japan by Inazo Nitobé The Conditions of Existence as Affecting the Perpetuation of Living Beings by Thomas H. Huxley The Complete Angler 1653 by Isaak Walton The Conquest of Fear by Basil King Cosmic Consciousness by Ali Nomad Creative Unity by Rabindranath Tagore The Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant Death by Maurice Maeterlinck Hints Towards the Formation of a More Comprehensive Theory of Life by Samuel Taylor Coleridge A History of Freedom of Thought by John Bagnell Bury History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy by Isaac Husik The Idea of God in Early Religions by F. B. Jevons Initiation into Philosophy by Emile Faguet Introduction to the Philosophy and Writings of Plato by Thomas Taylor Kant's Theory of Knowledge by Harold Arthur Prichard The Law and the Word by Thomas Troward Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes Man And Superman by George Bernard Shaw On the Duty of Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Pragmatism by William James Principles of Philosophy by Rene Descartes Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus by Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Tragic Sense of Life by Miguel de Unamuno What is Property? by P. J. Proudhon Where No Fear Was: A Book About Fear by Arthur Christopher Benson Within You is the Power by Henry Thomas Hamblin Fundamental Principals of the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant Thus Spake Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche A Treatise of Human Nature by David Hume The Problems of Philosophy by Bertrand Russell The Ethics by Benedict de Spinoza
What is nature? What is humanity's place in nature? And what is the relationship of society to the natural world? In an era of ecological breakdown, answering these questions has become of momentous importance for our everyday lives and for the future that we and other life-forms face. In the essays of The Philosophy of Social Ecology, Murray Bookchin confronts these questions head on: invoking the ideas of mutualism, self-organization, and unity in diversity, in the service of ever expanding freedom. Refreshingly polemical and deeply philosophical, they take issue with technocratic and mechanistic ways of understanding and relating to, and within, nature. More importantly, they develop a solid, historically and politically based ethical foundation for social ecology, the field that Bookchin himself created and that offers us hope in the midst of our climate catastrophe.
Published in the year 2004, Philosophy and the Social Sciences is a valuable contribution to the field of Sociology.
A page-turning novel that is also an exploration of the great philosophical concepts of Western thought, Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World has fired the imagination of readers all over the world, with more than twenty million copies in print. One day fourteen-year-old Sophie Amundsen comes home from school to find in her mailbox two notes, with one question on each: "Who are you?" and "Where does the world come from?" From that irresistible beginning, Sophie becomes obsessed with questions that take her far beyond what she knows of her Norwegian village. Through those letters, she enrolls in a kind of correspondence course, covering Socrates to Sartre, with a mysterious philosopher, while receiving letters addressed to another girl. Who is Hilde? And why does her mail keep turning up? To unravel this riddle, Sophie must use the philosophy she is learning—but the truth turns out to be far more complicated than she could have imagined.
From one of America’s best-known biologists, a revolutionary new way of thinking about evolution that shows “why, in light of our origins, humans are still special” (Edward J. Larson, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Evolution). Once we had a special place in the hierarchy of life on Earth—a place confirmed by the literature and traditions of every human tribe. But then the theory of evolution arrived to shake the tree of human understanding to its roots. To many of the most passionate advocates for Darwin’s theory, we are just one species among multitudes, no more significant than any other. Even our minds are not our own, they tell us, but living machines programmed for nothing but survival and reproduction. In The Human Instinct, Brown University biologist Kenneth R. Miller “confronts both lay and professional misconceptions about evolution” (Publishers Weekly, starred review), showing that while evolution explains how our bodies and brains were shaped, that heritage does not limit or predetermine human behavior. In fact, Miller argues in this “highly recommended” (Forbes) work that it is only thanks to evolution that we have the power to shape our destiny. Equal parts natural science and philosophy, The Human Instinct makes an “absorbing, lucid, and engaging…case that it was evolution that gave us our humanity” (Ursula Goodenough, professor of biology at Washington University in St. Louis).
“The father of cognitive neuroscience” illuminates the past, present, and future of the mind-brain problem How do neurons turn into minds? How does physical “stuff”—atoms, molecules, chemicals, and cells—create the vivid and various worlds inside our heads? The problem of consciousness has gnawed at us for millennia. In the last century there have been massive breakthroughs that have rewritten the science of the brain, and yet the puzzles faced by the ancient Greeks are still present. In The Consciousness Instinct, the neuroscience pioneer Michael S. Gazzaniga puts the latest research in conversation with the history of human thinking about the mind, giving a big-picture view of what science has revealed about consciousness. The idea of the brain as a machine, first proposed centuries ago, has led to assumptions about the relationship between mind and brain that dog scientists and philosophers to this day. Gazzaniga asserts that this model has it backward—brains make machines, but they cannot be reduced to one. New research suggests the brain is actually a confederation of independent modules working together. Understanding how consciousness could emanate from such an organization will help define the future of brain science and artificial intelligence, and close the gap between brain and mind. Captivating and accessible, with insights drawn from a lifetime at the forefront of the field, The Consciousness Instinct sets the course for the neuroscience of tomorrow.