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This dissertation studies the effects of shifting of corporate income tax in Japanese manufacturing.
This paper explores how corporate income tax reform can help Japan increase investment and boost potential growth. Using international and Japan-specific empirical estimates of corporate tax elasticities, investment is predicted to expand by around 0.4 percent for each point of rate reduction. International consensus estimates suggest further that between 10 and 30 percent of the static revenue loss could be recovered in the long run through dynamic scoring, although Japan’s offset may be closer to the lower bound. Compensating fiscal measures are necessary in light of Japan’s tight fiscal constraints. The scope for base broadening in the corporate income tax is found to be limited and some forms of base broadening will undo positive investment effects of a rate cut. Alternative revenue sources include higher consumption and property taxes. A gradual approach toward lowering tax rates mitigates windfall gains and reduces short-run revenue costs. An incremental allowance-for-corporate-equity system could boost investment with limited fiscal costs in the short run.
While the asymmetric treatment of positive and negative income creates clear tax incentives to shift income among a group of closely related corporations, attempts to document the impact of such behavior on economic outcomes are relatively sparse. We aim to provide evidence on tax-motivated transfers from a large dataset of Japanese corporate groups. Using company level data on 33,340 subsidiary time pairs from 1988, 1990, and 1992, we consider testable implications of income shifting in a theoretical model tailored to the Japanese institution of the early 1990s and empirically examine the spread of the profitability distribution, the attrition rate of loss-making subsidiaries, and the propensity to report zero profit. The findings suggest that income shifting was pervasive when Japan had not adopted a formal allowance for group-level tax. The result underscores the importance of accounting for the inter-relatedness of companies, in designing a corporate income tax.
Given its prominence among the world’s major industrial jurisdictions, Japan is involved in numerous multinational corporate transactions, and its extensive and complex tax regime inevitably plays an important role. This unique book, with its easy-to-use Q&A format, provides succinct and authoritative responses to most of the questions that tax professionals operating in or doing business with Japan are likely to face in practice. The author, a well-known Japanese international tax specialist, has organised eighty-seven questions around tax issues he has consulted on over more than twenty years of direct experience in advising international businesses. The questions, all based on actual examples, cover every area of tax practice, including the following: tax notifications upon establishment of a Japanese company; foreign tax credits; transfer pricing documentation obligations; tax treatment of small- and medium-sized enterprises; exemption from withholding tax for Japanese branches of foreign corporations; withholding tax on royalties for trademarks and relief under tax conventions; withholding tax on directors’ remuneration paid to non-resident directors; maintenance of electronic accounting books and records; tax treatment of bad debt losses; deductibility of entertainment expenses; sales and purchases of goods located in Japan by a foreign corporation; and tax treatment of the cross-border supply of electronic services. The English translations of terms used in Japanese taxation and tax practice are designed to facilitate understanding for non-Japanese tax practitioners. As an overview of Japanese tax issues that may be faced in the realm of international business, this incomparable book provides tax professionals with a wealth of expertise that may be readily applied to any tax strategy involving a business transaction with a Japanese element. It will be welcomed by in-house corporate counsel, taxation academics, and tax lawyers worldwide.
This paper examines the impact of taxes on the incentive to invest for the Japanese manufacturing sector in the postwar period. The idyosyricratic feature of the Japanese corporation tax system as compared to the U.S. is the prevelence of tax-free reserves and the tax deductibility of a part of taxes paid by corporations in the previous year. Our formula for the tax-adjusted Q and the cost of capital incorporates this. The main conclusions areas follows. While the postulated negative relation with the cost of capital cannot be found, investment in Japanese manufacturing shows until 1974 a strong association with the tax-adjusted Q. Since the change in stock prices, not taxes, is the primary source of changes in Q, the profitability of capitalis the major determinant of investment
This book provides English-speakers with a comprehensive description and incisive critique of the Japanese tax system. The third edition explores the Japanese government's latest round of tax reforms - a reaction to the country's prolonged period of recession following the collapse of the 'bubble' phenomenon in 1991. Two brand new chapters discuss the effect of environmental taxes and land tax reform, and much of the original data and empirical material has been updated.