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This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
This is an integrated textbook on the respiratory system, covering the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the system, all presented in a clinically relevant context appropriate for the first two years of the medical student course. - One of the seven volumes in the Systems of the Body series. - Concise text covers the core anatomy, physiology and biochemistry in an integrated manner as required by system- and problem-based medical courses. - The basic science is presented in the clinical context in a way appropriate for the early part of the medical course. - There is a linked website providing self-assessment material ideal for examination preparation.
How does oxygen reach our cells? What does our body do with the carbon dioxide it produces? Each breath we take demonstrates the marvel of the human lungs and respiratory system. This accessible book gives inquisitive readers an inside look at this essential bodily function. Engaging graphics and concise language create a reader-friendly experience that will attract even those who are reluctant to study science materials. Fun, easy-to-follow flowcharts summarize key concepts at the end of each chapter, ensuring that readers are able to visualize and retain essential information. This unique, visually rich approach to learning will make this book stand out in any library.
The Human Respiratory System combines emerging ideas from biology and mathematics to show the reader how to produce models for the development of biomedical engineering applications associated with the lungs and airways. Mathematically mature but in its infancy as far as engineering uses are concerned, fractional calculus is the basis of the methods chosen for system analysis and modelling. This reflects two decades’ worth of conceptual development which is now suitable for bringing to bear in biomedical engineering. The text reveals the latest trends in modelling and identification of human respiratory parameters with a view to developing diagnosis and monitoring technologies. Of special interest is the notion of fractal structure which is indicative of the large-scale biological efficiency of the pulmonary system. The related idea of fractal dimension represents the adaptations in fractal structure caused by environmental factors, notably including disease. These basics are linked to model the dynamical patterns of breathing as a whole. The ideas presented in the book are validated using real data generated from healthy subjects and respiratory patients and rest on non-invasive measurement methods. The Human Respiratory System will be of interest to applied mathematicians studying the modelling of biological systems, to clinicians with interests outside the traditional borders of medicine, and to engineers working with technologies of either direct medical significance or for mitigating changes in the respiratory system caused by, for example, high-altitude or deep-sea environments.
Audisee® eBooks with Audio combine professional narration and text highlighting for an engaging read aloud experience! The respiratory system is made up of the nose, the throat, the lungs, and other parts. But what does the respiratory system do? And how do its parts work together to keep your body healthy? Explore the respiratory system in this engaging and informative book.
A panel of recognized authorities comprehensively review the medical, surgical, and pathophysiologic issues relevant to lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema. Topics range from the open technique and video-assisted thoracoscopic approaches to LVRS, to anesthetic management, to perioperative and nursing care of the patient. The experts also detail the selection of candidates for LVRS, the clinical results and clinical trials in LVRS, and the effects of LVRS on survival rates.
Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung, Second Edition, offers a rigorous and comprehensive reference for all those involved in pulmonary research. This fully updated work is divided into sections on anatomy and morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and immunological response. It continues to provide a unique comparative perspective on the mammalian lung. This edition includes several new chapters and expanded content, including aging and development of the normal lung, mechanical properties of the lung, genetic polymorphisms, the comparative effect of stress of pulmonary immune function, oxygen signaling in the mammalian lung and much more. By addressing scientific advances and critical issues in lung research, this 2nd edition is a timely and valuable work on comparative data for the interpretation of studies of animal models as compared to the human lung. - Edited and authored by experts in the field to provide an excellent and timely review of cross-species comparisons that will help you interpret and compare data from animal studies to human findings - Incorporates lung anatomy and physiology, cell specific interactions and immunological responses to provide you with a single and unique multidisciplinary source on the comparative biology of the normal lung - Includes new and expanded content on neonatal and aged lungs, developmental processes, cell signaling, antioxidants, airway cells, safety pharmacology and much more - Section IV on Physical and Immunological Defenses has been significantly updated with 9 new chapters and an increased focus on the pulmonary immunological system
Medicine is grounded in the natural sciences, where biology stands out with regard to our understanding of human physiology and the conditions that cause dysfunction. Ironically though, evolutionary biology is a relatively disregarded field. One reason for this omission is that evolution is deemed a slow process. Indeed, the macroanatomical features of our species have changed very little in the last 300,000 years. A more detailed look, however, reveals that novel ecological contingencies, partly in relation to cultural evolution, have brought about subtle changes pertaining to metabolism and immunology, including adaptations to dietary innovations, as well as adaptations to the exposure to novel pathogens. Rapid pathogen evolution and evolution of cancer cells cause major problems for the immune system. Moreover, many adaptations to past ecologies have actually turned into risk factors for somatic disease and psychological disorder in our modern worlds (i.e. mismatch), among which epidemics of autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity, as well as several forms of cancer stand out. One could add depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions to the list. The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine is a compilation of up-to-date insights into the evolutionary history of ourselves as a species, exploring how and why our evolved design may convey vulnerability to disease. Written in a classic textbook style emphasising physiology and pathophysiology of all major organ systems, the Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine is valuable reading for students as well as scholars in the fields of medicine, biology, anthropology and psychology.
This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.
How do we breathe and why do we need oxygen? Your lungs work hard to keep oxygen flowing through your blood. This book explains how the respiratory system functions to take in the air we need to live.