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Excerpt from The Science of Gems, Jewels, Coins, and Medals: Ancient and Modern Another form of seal is the very primitive one of a flattish round chalcedony pebble, with sufficient ground off one edge to afford space for engraving a subject, and a hole being made through the middle to receive a string; as a chalcedony, brought from Nineveh, having a very rough attempt in intaglio of a winged horse, the Phoenician symbol Sometimes the hole was enlarged enough to admit a finger. This shape was sometimes modified by being made of an oblong instead of a circular pebble, and the hole made near the end opposite to the intaglio, - these being evidently formed from chalcedony pebbles of an oblong shape. Some were made approaching a pyramidal shape, but these are of a later date, and present more elaborate lapidary work and we have had modern seals made of much the same form, of amethyst, crystal, and other stones, either bored near the top, to receive a ring, or suspended by a golden or other metallic loop - and these are sufficiently orna mental. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
In addition to his medical practice, lecturing and teaching at the London Hospital, and his publishing of several medical works, the Irish physician Archibald Billing (1791-1881) was also an amateur artist and antiquarian. Beginning with the works of ancient Greece, for him the highest pinnacle of civilization, Billing discusses the use of engraved gems, putting cameos and intaglios in the context of contemporary monumental sculpture, and tracing the history of carving in miniature back to the seal-stones of the Egyptians and Assyrians. He also considers the types and qualities of mineral used in making jewellery, from semi-precious pebbles through to diamonds, and he describes the techniques of cutting precious stones. The work concludes with a translation of the autobiography of the Italian engraver Benedetto Pistrucci (1784-1855), who became chief medallist at the Royal Mint.
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