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The Department of Defense has attempted to use recent advances in modeling and simulation to improve the acquisition process for weapons systems. This Simulation Based Acquisition brought advances in the process, but considerable disagreement remains over the universal applicability of this approach. This paper focuses on the challenges of applying modeling and simulation to the Test and Evaluation of a weapon system with significant Pilot-Vehicle interface concerns. The Standoff Land Attack Missile Expanded Response (SLAM ER) is an aircraftlaunched missile with GPS/INS guidance for navigation to the target area and Man In The Loop (MITL) control in the terminal phase. The MITL control is conducted through a two way video and control data link which transmits infrared video from the missile seeker to the control aircraft and guidance update commands from the pilot back to the missile. After initial fielding of the weapon system, two preplanned product improvement programs were begun to add both an Automatic Target Acquisition (ATA) functionality to aid in pilot target identification as well as a capability to engage moving targets at sea (ASuW). Both Software in the Loop and Hardware in the Loop simulations were available for the testing of both these SLAM ER improvements. This paper focuses on the utility of this simulation support in the Test and Evaluation prior to delivery to the operational users. Though the management issues of cost and schedule can be large drivers in the use of modeling and simulation, this paper will focus on the performance aspect of weapon system evaluation. Through the course of both the ATA and ASuW evaluations, simulation was able to provide very limited contributions to evaluations of system performance when MITL control was a concern. Simulation was useful in providing data on easily quantifiable parameters, such as seeker scan rates. However, flight tests with a physical prototype provided the only effective data when subjective measures such as pilot workload and pilot target identification were a concern. The simulators available did not effectively replicate the pilot interface or workload environment to the level required for valid MITL data. Only when an issue with the pilot interface was easily defined in quantifiable engineering data was simulation useful in identifying a possible solution--one that had to be further evaluated in subsequent flight testing. As the quality of models and simulations continue to improve with advances in computing, modeling of the pilot vehicle interfaces may improve in the future. Until that time, management controls will be essential to correct application of modeling and simulation in areas where MITL is a concern. The development of models and simulations should begin early in the acquisition effort with robust verification and validation devoted to the pilot interface. Early identification of the areas in which simulations can contribute to the MITL evaluation effort as well as recognition of the limitations of models and simulations. Finally, the validated simulations should be viewed as an enhancement to the evaluation effort with live testing of the physical prototype forming the basis of the MITL evaluation, particularly when the system approaches the final phases of Developmental Testing and prepares for Operational Testing.
The objective of this study is to formulate a set of guidelines for the application of computer simulations and models to the problem of assessing weapon system performance. Specifically, the study addresses the question: how the OT & E community can use models and simulations more effectively in evaluating weapon systems. The methodology for conducting operational testing is multidimensional; the number of variables precludes a hard set of rules for what, when, and how best to simulations. The primary audience is the decisionmaker in the Air Force and in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) who must support the development of more capable methods by which to formulate his program support decisions. This study focuses on the application of simulation techniques to the problem of assessing a weapon system's performance in its operational environment. Because of the exhaustive work that has been done in the area of simulation and modeling, the study avoids detailed discussions of simulations. Testing is a key element in the defense system acquisition process because it provides data for evaluating system development progress.
Simulation has an essential role in test and evaluation. It provides efficiencies in U.S. Army acquisition strategies of mission-based test and evaluation and integrated testing and training, as evident with the Boeing Engineering Development Simulator during the Apache Block III force development test and experimentation testing. Simulators provide a representative environment where testers can safely test a product's or system's mission effectiveness. Ideal for integrated testing, simulators combine developmental and operational testing as they enable safe simultaneous testing of multiple elements. Additional benefits of cost and risk reduction were realized as well as aviation doctrine development.
The International Conference on Informatics and Management Science (IMS) 2012 will be held on November 16-19, 2012, in Chongqing, China, which is organized by Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Nanyang Technological University, University of Michigan, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, and sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). The objective of IMS 2012 is to facilitate an exchange of information on best practices for the latest research advances in a range of areas. Informatics and Management Science contains over 600 contributions to suggest and inspire solutions and methods drawing from multiple disciplines including: Computer Science Communications and Electrical Engineering Management Science Service Science Business Intelligence