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Introduction: Adolescents and young adults experience a high level of mental health conditions.These disorders appear to be increasing in number and severity. The prevalence rate for 18-25-years-olds is 8.7% in 12 months. Mental health conditions are treatable, yet many people do not seek professional help. Seeking help from a professional source is particularly important for preventing, early detection, treatment, and recovery from mental health conditions. Purpose: The purpose of this mixed-methods study is to demonstrate the prevalence of depression, explore student-athletes attitudes towards seeking mental health help, understand what factors may influence help-seeking behaviors, and explore the athlete's perceptions of the role that athletic trainers play in the assessment and referral process. Methods: An exploratory, concurrent mixed methods design was used. Survey data from the ATSPPH-SF and PHQ-9 were collected from collegiate student-athletes. A phenomenological approach will guide the qualitative research process. Semi-structured interviews will be audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using an interpretive thematic analytical approach. Study Participants: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes participating at the Divsion III (DIII) level. Results: The prevalence of depression was almost 42% in the study population. There was no relationship between PHQ-9 scores and sex. Attitudes towards seeking help were generally positive. Females tend to have more favorable attitudes than males, but this finding was not statistically significant. There was no relationhship between PHQ-9 scores and ATSPPH-SF scores. Barriers to help-seeking included perceived seriousness, stigma, lack of time, accessibility, prefer to handle issues on own, and cost. Facilitators to help-seeking included perceived and nee-problems that were serious enough to warrant help and a supportive network. Clinical Importance: As we continue to address the mental health crisis, it is imperative to understand what prevents student-athletes from seeking professional psychological help and develop supportive programs to help them overcome these barriers. Certified athletic trainers, coaches, and other athletic personel need to understand the seriousness of untreated mental health conditions and be educated to recognize when an athlete may be struggling with issues beyond their control. Knowing when to refer a student-athlete to a professional is essential in preventing potential unnecessary and irreversible consequences.
The purpose of this report is to review available literature that identifies various psychological issues collegiate student-athletes may face and how medical professionals, specifically certified athletic trainers (ATCs), are prepared to manage these psychological issues. Considering ATCs are in constant interaction with student-athletes in comparison to other medical professionals it is crucial that research is being completed to make sure athletic trainers are properly caring for student-athlete and acting quickly and appropriately to psychological issues. This report will review research on psychological aspects encountered by athletic trainers in contact with student-athletes, and; furthermore, the ATCs sense of comfort and competence in working with these issues. Questions may arise such as how well the ATC is able to assess the psychological issues and know when to assist or refer these matters, issues which may include training, competence, expectations, and ethical practice. Finally, the review of the research and literature in this area will lead to suggestions and implications for further research and continued understanding of the ATCs role in the psychological aspects of their work with student athletes.
"The Athletic Trainer's Guide to Psychosocial Intervention and Referral provides appropriate intervention strategies and referral techniques specific to the role of an athletic trainer to initiate recovery for any patient/client experiencing a variety of psychosocial problems such as: eating disorders, anxiety issues, substance abuse, response to injury, catastrophic injuries, ergogenic aids, peer pressure, and depression."--Jacket.
"College student-athletes are an at-risk population for negative mental health. Numerous factors are associated with an increased susceptibility to mental health issues, including academics and athletics (Breslin, Shannon, Haughey, Donnelly, & Leavey, 2017; Neal, 2012; Rice et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2007). To address the numerous mental health issues experienced by college student-athletes, the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), with the help of field experts in mental health and student wellness, developed a mental health guide to implement within athletics departments (National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2016). The document, Inter-Association Consensus Document: Best Practices for Understanding and Supporting Student-Athlete Mental Wellness, promotes training for those athletics department personnel who have direct interaction with college student-athletes. Among these, athletic trainers play a pivotal role in preventing injuries, overseeing rehabilitations, and promoting the overall well-being of college student-athletes, including both physical and mental health well-beings. Athletic trainers are in an ideal position to recognize and to refer student-athletes to advanced care for mental health issues, but lack the formal training to confidently perform these skills (Cormier & Zizzi, 2015; Kamphoff et al., 2010; Vaughan, King, & Cottrell, 2004). Additionally, there is limited research available studying athletic trainers' confidence during the referral process, both non-crisis and crisis situations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral knowledge and self-efficacy of college athletic trainers before and after completing the USA Mental Health First Aid (MHFA-USA) course, which has improved confidence levels in other populations (Massey, Brooks, & Burrow, 2014; Moffitt, Bostock, & Cave, 2014; O'Reilly, Bell, Kelly, & Chen, 2011). College athletic trainers (n = 8) participated in the MHFA-USA course and completed pre-, post- and one-month follow-up surveys as well as focus group interviews assessing mental health referral knowledge and self-efficacy levels. Results showed significant efficacy improvements from pre- to post-course, and participants maintained those improved confidence levels at one-month follow-up. Furthermore, the athletic trainers consistently stated the course was helpful and useful in intervening during mental health situations. Additional research with larger samples may provide greater insight of athletic trainers' confidence levels with referrals of college student-athletes for mental health issues with the help of the MHFA-USA course."--Abstract from author supplied metadata
Context: Increased prevalence of mental health conditions has exposed gaps in the educational preparation of athletic training students. Identifying effective pedagogical strategies to increase knowledge and confidence in the recognition and referral of mental health conditions is imperative. A standardized curriculum, such as Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training, is promising, as is the use of standardized patient (SP) encounters and case-based learning (CBL); however, there is a lack of evidence to determine best practice for achieving these learning goals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of MHFA training on students' knowledge and confidence and compare the use of CBL and SP encounters following MHFA training. Further, we sought to explore students' perceptions of the CBL and SP encounters. Methods: This study used a sequential, explanatory mixed-methods design with 2 phases: 1) randomized controlled trial with pre-test, post-test design, and 2) individual interviews. The study was set in an online learning environment using Zoom. A convenience sample of 70 students from graduate level CAATE-accredited professional athletic training programs participated in this study. Twenty-two participants were interviewed. All participants completed MHFA training followed by no intervention, and SP encounter, or CBL activity. A validated electronic knowledge assessment and self-reported confidence scale measured knowledge and confidence with mental health recognition and referral at the study's commencement and after intervention. A mixed-model ANOVA with an a priori alpha level set a p
In the world of athletics, from the high school level to the professionals, it is easier for athletes and their coaches to accept a physical health ailment than a mental health issue. This reality stems from a lack of knowledge about mental health issues as well as a lack of knowledge of the appropriate steps to take when faced with an issue. There is a stigma surrounding mental health problems, and because of this, athletes avoid seeking the help that they need. Coaches and athletic trainers are in prime positions to help recognize the warning signs of mental health issues; however, training is typically not provided to these individuals. This project focuses on providing athletic departments with a professional development program focusing on specific warning signs of mental health issues in student-athletes and the role coaches and athletic trainers are able to play in helping their athletes. It is hoped that through the introduction of the Question Persuade Refer (QPR) Gatekeeper program, that coaches and athletic trainers will feel more prepared to recognize, step in and take appropriate action regarding a mental health issue with their student-athletes.
This book provides numerous practical and effective ways to assist individuals of this growing on-campus population meet the issues and personal challenges they face today. Chapters address a wide range of topics: general consultation; ethics; life skills; approaches to counselling specific groups; women student-athletes; male student-athletes; African-descendent student-athletes; GLBTQ student-athletes; approaches to counselling on special concerns college student-athlete experience and academics transitions; disordered eating; clinical depression; the athlete student-to-be and the new student-athlete; learning disabilities; injury and disability; alcohol and drug use. This comprehensive, insightful view of the increasingly demanding intercollegiate athletics environment will be particularly useful for university-based and private practice counsellors and psychologists, student service professionals, CHAMPS/Life Skills co-ordinators, intercollegiate athletics academic advisors, graduate students in counselling and psychology, coaches, and athletic trainers.
The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the frequency with which athletic trainers address certain psychological issues related to injury and non-injury-related psychological issues with their student-athletes, their comfort and competence level with these discussions, and referral patterns to other mental health professionals. An electronic survey was adapted from Mann, Grana, Indelicato, O'Neill, and George (2007) and administered through www.surveymonkey.com ℗. A random sample of 1,000 athletic trainers (ATs) who were members of the NATA were invited to participate, which yielded a response rate of 31.1%. More than half (n=170, 55.7%) of all subjects had completed 1-2 psychology classes in their undergraduate education. ATs reported frequently encountering psychological issues both related to and unrelated to injury in their student-athletes. Furthermore, ATs believed it was their role to address injury and non-injury-related psychological issues with athletes. Respondents reported feeling slightly less competent and much less comfortable dealing with non-injury-related psychological issues with athletes as compared to injury-related issues. Lastly, the more comfortable and competent ATs were with psychological issues, the more likely they were to refer an athlete to a mental health professional.