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In today & rsquo;s congested transportation networks, disruptions like crashes may cause unexpected and significant delays. All transportation networks are vulnerable to disruptions, to some extent, with temporary or permanent effects. Vulnerability is more important in urban transportation networks, due to heavy use and road segments that are close to each other. Small disturbances on an urban transportation network segment can have a huge impact on its accessibility. Intelligent adversaries may take advantage of these vulnerable parts of the network and disrupt transportation operations, increasing the overall transportation cost for the users. Often, the decision about improving the networks in transportation planning and management is made without adequately considering the possible vulnerabilities. By considering the factor of vulnerability in their decision, planners could prevent or limit the impact of severe unforeseen disruptions. This dissertation proposes two models for designing robust networks against intelligent attackers. In both models, three stakeholders are considered: i) the network manager/designer, ii) the adversary (intelligent attacker), and iii) the network users. The frameworks of both models and some other possible models are presented in this dissertation. The first framework is a bi-objective designer model. The designer in this model has two objectives at the top level: to reduce the total system cost and to reduce the vulnerability of the network. The Sioux Falls network consists of 24 nodes and 76 links was chosen for to evaluate this framework. The decision of the designer and attacker was improving or destroying the links. Metaheuristic algorithm was used to solve the designer and attacker problems. For the user equilibrium problem, the Frank-Wolfe algorithm was implemented. The objective of the designer of the network in the first model, consist of two goals. The two goals may conflict on the amount of amount of limited available budget to be invested on the desired project/links. Therefore, a trade off solutions between these two objectives may forms. The results proved that the proposed multi-level model is able to find the Pareto front solutions for the two objectives of the designer. The second framework is a three-level zero-sum game model. In this framework, the payoffs from the designer are assumed to have the same value to the adversary entity. Therefore, the goal of this framework is to minimize the maximum gain that the adversary can achieve. An example network with 6 nodes and 16 links was used to examine this framework. The results showed that the model could be a valuable tool to reduce the potential vulnerability of networks. Other indicators of system performance can be implemented in the upper-level of this framework, in order to examine different goals. Both frameworks were tested using a medium size network with applications to larger scale networks as a future research direction.
This book explores the methodological and application developments of network design in transportation and logistics. It identifies trends, challenges and research perspectives in network design for these areas. Network design is a major class of problems in operations research where network flow, combinatorial and mixed integer optimization meet. The analysis and planning of transportation and logistics systems continues to be one of the most important application areas of operations research. Networks provide the natural way of depicting such systems, so the optimal design and operation of networks is the main methodological area of operations research that is used for the analysis and planning of these systems. This book defines the current state of the art in the general area of network design, and then turns to its applications to transportation and logistics. New research challenges are addressed. Network Design with Applications to Transportation and Logistics is divided into three parts. Part I examines basic design problems including fixed-cost network design and parallel algorithms. After addressing the basics, Part II focuses on more advanced models. Chapters cover topics such as multi-facility network design, flow-constrained network design, and robust network design. Finally Part III is dedicated entirely to the potential application areas for network design. These areas range from rail networks, to city logistics, to energy transport. All of the chapters are written by leading researchers in the field, which should appeal to analysts and planners.
This book contains selected peer-reviewed papers that were presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Transportation Network Reliability (INSTR) Conference held at the University of Minnesota July 22-23, 2010. International scholars, from a variety of disciplines--engineering, economics, geography, planning and transportation—offer varying perspectives on modeling and analysis of the reliability of transportation networks in order to illustrate both vulnerability to day-to-day and unpredictability variability and risk in travel, and demonstrates strategies for addressing those issues. The scope of the chapters includes all aspects of analysis and design to improve network reliability, specifically user perception of unreliability of public transport, public policy and reliability of travel times, the valuation and economics of reliability, network reliability modeling and estimation, travel behavior and vehicle routing under uncertainty, and risk evaluation and management for transportation networks. The book combines new methodologies and state of the art practice to model and address questions of network unreliability, making it of interest to both academics in transportation and engineering as well as policy-makers and practitioners.
Transportation in cities, with its related environmental and social concerns continues to be a topic of the utmost priority for urban authorities and central governments around the world. Frequently, the concern is not orderly but driven by the safety crises, which take place regularly, and even the best-planned urban transport systems require considerable studies to safeguard their safety, maintenance and operational use. On a broader front, the continuing need for better urban transport systems in general and the need for a healthier environment has led to an increased level of research around the world. This is reflected in the proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, which stresses the continuous steady growth and research into the urban transport systems control aspects, information and imulation systems. All these topics continue to be of importance for analyzing the complex inter-relation of the urban transport environment and for establishing action strategies for transport and traffic problems. Of interest to engineers, scientists and managers working in industry, universities, research organizations and government involved in the planning and management of urban transportation systems and transport policy, this book contains papers within the following subject areas: Environmental and ecological considerations; Information systems and GPS applications; Intelligent transport systems; Intermodel passenger transport systems; Land use and transport integration; Modality in freight; Public transport systems; Road pricing; Traffic management; Transport automation; Transport logistics and operations research; Transport modelling and simulation; Transport security and safety; Transport sustainability; Transport technology; Urban transport planning.
A new way forward for sustainable quality of life in cities of all sizes Strong Towns: A Bottom-Up Revolution to Build American Prosperity is a book of forward-thinking ideas that breaks with modern wisdom to present a new vision of urban development in the United States. Presenting the foundational ideas of the Strong Towns movement he co-founded, Charles Marohn explains why cities of all sizes continue to struggle to meet their basic needs, and reveals the new paradigm that can solve this longstanding problem. Inside, you’ll learn why inducing growth and development has been the conventional response to urban financial struggles—and why it just doesn’t work. New development and high-risk investing don’t generate enough wealth to support itself, and cities continue to struggle. Read this book to find out how cities large and small can focus on bottom-up investments to minimize risk and maximize their ability to strengthen the community financially and improve citizens’ quality of life. Develop in-depth knowledge of the underlying logic behind the “traditional” search for never-ending urban growth Learn practical solutions for ameliorating financial struggles through low-risk investment and a grassroots focus Gain insights and tools that can stop the vicious cycle of budget shortfalls and unexpected downturns Become a part of the Strong Towns revolution by shifting the focus away from top-down growth toward rebuilding American prosperity Strong Towns acknowledges that there is a problem with the American approach to growth and shows community leaders a new way forward. The Strong Towns response is a revolution in how we assemble the places we live.
This comprehensive and clearly structured book presents essential information on modern Location Science. The book is divided into three parts: basic concepts, advanced concepts and applications. Written by the most respected specialists in the field and thoroughly reviewed by the editors, it first lays out the fundamental problems in Location Science and provides the reader with basic background information on location theory. Part II covers advanced models and concepts, broadening and expanding on the content presented in Part I. It provides the reader with important tools to help them understand and solve real-world location problems. Part III is dedicated to linking Location Science with other areas like GIS, telecommunications, healthcare, rapid transit networks, districting problems and disaster events, presenting a wide range of applications. This part enables the reader to understand the role of facility location in such areas, as well as to learn how to handle realistic location problems. The book is intended for researchers working on theory and applications involving location problems and models. It is also suitable as a textbook for graduate courses on facility location.
This book contains the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Exploring Service Science (IESS), held in Bucharest, Romania, in May 2016.Service science constitutes an interdisciplinary approach to systematic innovation in service systems, integrating managerial, social, legal, and engineering aspects to address the theoretical and practical challenges of the service industry and its economy. The 45 full papers and 13 short papers accepted for IESS were selected from 119 submissions. The papers consider the topics service exploration theories and processes; modeling service requirements and management of business processes; value co-creation through knowledge management and user-centric services; service design methodologies and patterns; service innovation and strategy; IT-based service engineering; servitization in sustainable manufacturing; product-service systems; business software services and data-driven service design; web service design and service-oriented agents; IoT and mobile apps for public transport service management; e-health services and medical data interoperability; and service and IT-oriented learning and education systems.
"The Transit Street Design Guide sets a new vision for how cities can harness the immense potential of transit to create active and efficient streets in neighborhoods and downtowns alike. Building on the Urban Street Design Guide and Urban Bikeway Design Guide, the Transit Street Design Guide details how reliable public transportation depends on a commitment to transit at every level of design. Developed through a new peer network of NACTO members and transit agency partners, the Guide provides street transportation departments, transit operating agencies, leaders, and practitioners with the tools to actively prioritize transit on the street."--Site Web de NACTO.
Cities expand, upwards and outwards, and their physical structure can last a very long time, not just tens but hundreds of years. Nevertheless, they are rarely designed for expansion. Their layout does not allow for extension or for the retrofitting of infrastructure and can constrain, and often prevent, the growth and change of activities within them - cities are not 'robust' in their design. In other words, change is not planned for but involves costly reconstruction. The Robust City argues that a robust, expandable and sustainable urban form can be deduced from planning goals. Development should not just follow public transport corridors but should not be allowed beyond walking distance from them. This would create 'green enclaves' that would permit not only recreational access but also the retrofitting of infrastructure and the efficient circulation of motor vehicles. The same principles could also be applied within neighbourhoods and to facilitate the rational handling of urban intensification.