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This dissertation, "Temporary Work in Japan and Hong Kong: the Situation of Female Workers" by Kam-fong, Winky, Wong, 黃錦芳, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled Temporary Work in Japan and Hong Kong: The Situation of Female Workers submitted by Wong Kam Fong, Winky for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in June 2004 There has been an increasing number of single women in Japan and Hong Kong who take up temporary work. This study is based on the review of available literature, questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with single temporary working women in both places. I examine their employment situation, lifestyles, and how temporary work helps or hinders them to meet their personal aspirations. In the discussion of women in temporary work, I find that most of the previous research has focused on married women rather than on single women. My research indicates that most Japanese single women are definite about their marriage plans and are willing to marry a non-Japanese man. Approximately one third of them choose to live alone to experience independence. They do not contribute financially to their parents, and thus, have more disposable income. In contrast, Hong Kong single temporary working women are generally not sure of their marriage plans, yet are reluctant to consider partners outside their own nationality. They typically live with their parents and contribute to the family finances by paying a proportion of their income to their parents. Even after marriage and childbirth, they plan to continue their i work and career. Although many scholars have portrayed temporary workers as being a disadvantaged group, the women in my sample group in Japan do not necessarily regard themselves as disadvantaged. Many of them have a distinct preference for temporary work. They seem to use temporary work as a tool to gain money and flexible time to support their lifestyle. Whereas, the majority of the single temporary working women in my Hong Kong sample group regard themselves as disadvantaged to a certain extent. They do not seek temporary work willingly. However, in many cases only temporary work may be available to them in the current poor economic climate. The study concludes that Hong Kong single temporary working women tend to have similar life goals to their male counterparts and therefore employ a strategy to achieve their goals that includes seeking career-related professional education and a permanent job. On the other hand, Japanese single temporary working women do not have similar life goals to their male counterparts. Their life focus is on the pursuit of activities of their choice, free time, and acquiring personal education that is not necessarily job related. In other words, single Japanese temporary working women focus more on their present lifestyle, whereas Hong Kong temporary working women focus more on their future career. (Words: 407) ii DOI: 10.5353/th_b2929318 Subjects: Temporary employment - Japan Temporary employment - China - Hong Kong Temporary employees - Japan - Attitudes Temporary employees - China - Hong Kong - Attitudes Women - Employment - Japan Women - Employment - China - Hong Kong
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Sociology - Work, Profession, Education, Organisation, grade: 1,7, University of Osnabrück, course: Economical and Technical Development and Organisation, WS 05/06, language: English, abstract: After Japan recovered from the disastrous defeat of World War II, its enormous economic growth provided a series of questions to the world's leading economists. With constant growth rates over 11% on average in the 1960s, Japan had the world's second largest GDP. Seeking explanations and reasons for this phenomenon, soon a couple of important influences on the Japanese economy were found. The increased demands on Japanese products during the conflicts in Vietnam after the Second World War (which led to the Vietnam War 1964-1973) and the Korean War 1950 to 1953 as well as the government aid for selected industries and protective duty accelerated its growth, which exceeded all former expectations1. Another important element of the Japanese prosperity was met with the Japanese-style employment system2. What would primarily influence the image of the Japanese to the further decades, the industrious, never sleeping blue-collar and white-collar workers, fulfilling a life for the company in a state of mutual dependence, is the result of an elaborate employment system. And in fact, lifetime employment, a predetermined career path and the seniority-based wage system were established to commit the regular workers to "their" company, while the temporary workers still did not reach a similar status. This "Japanese Model", as several authors call it, is subject to constant change. Even though the system was never fixed, it changed its surface not before the "collapse of the bubble" in 1990. Shortly after this prolonged economic recession, which forced every industrialised country to undertake economic restructuring, Japan was able to recover very fast through strict rationalisation and a revision of its employment system. Today, Japan has ch
This paper argues that Japan’s excessive labor market duality can reduce Total Factor Productivity (TFP) due to a negative impact on non-regular workers’ effort and on firms’ incentives to train them. On the basis of cross-country empirical evidence, the paper proposes some reform options. In particular, our analysis suggests that reducing the difference in employment protection between regular and non-regular workers would substantially reduce labor market duality in Japan. One reform consistent with these findings is the introduction of a Single Open Ended Contract for all newly hired workers. This reform could be complemented by a shift towards a model that combines labor market flexibility and security (“flexicurity”) and by policies aimed at encouraging wage growth.
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Sociology - Work, Education, Organisation, grade: 1,7, University of Osnabrück, course: Economical and Technical Development and Organisation, WS 05/06, language: English, abstract: After Japan recovered from the disastrous defeat of World War II, its enormous economic growth provided a series of questions to the world’s leading economists. With constant growth rates over 11% on average in the 1960s, Japan had the world’s second largest GDP. Seeking explanations and reasons for this phenomenon, soon a couple of important influences on the Japanese economy were found. The increased demands on Japanese products during the conflicts in Vietnam after the Second World War (which led to the Vietnam War 1964-1973) and the Korean War 1950 to 1953 as well as the government aid for selected industries and protective duty accelerated its growth, which exceeded all former expectations1. Another important element of the Japanese prosperity was met with the Japanese-style employment system2. What would primarily influence the image of the Japanese to the further decades, the industrious, never sleeping blue-collar and white-collar workers, fulfilling a life for the company in a state of mutual dependence, is the result of an elaborate employment system. And in fact, lifetime employment, a predetermined career path and the seniority-based wage system were established to commit the regular workers to "their“ company, while the temporary workers still did not reach a similar status. This "Japanese Model“, as several authors call it, is subject to constant change. Even though the system was never fixed, it changed its surface not before the "collapse of the bubble“ in 1990. Shortly after this prolonged economic recession, which forced every industrialised country to undertake economic restructuring, Japan was able to recover very fast through strict rationalisation and a revision of its employment system. Today, Japan has changed. Still the second largest economy of the world, it has to confront an economic growth close to 2%. With this comes a call for a more flexible employment system which still has to pay the regular workers who many years ago were attracted with the seniority-based wage system reflecting the workers higher needs in subsequent years. Furthermore, the new generation of workers is organised in unions and knows their value to the market, and would not agree earning half the sum a senescent worker does.
Like many industrialised nations, the current employment trend in Japan centres on diversification of the labour market with an increased use of temporary labour. Among a wide range of non-regular labour arrangements, haken are a newly legalised category of non-regular workers who are typically employed by the employment agency while working at the facilities of and being under the authority of the client firm. They have recently expanded exponentially under the state’s deregulation policy and assumed considerable significance in political debate, especially with regard to the nation’s ‘widening gaps’ known as kakusa. This is the first anthropological study of haken and temporary agency work (TAW) in Japan which combines both macro- and micro level analyses. At the macro level, haken are explored from a historical perspective with a view to showing the changing state policy and public perception of haken. At the micro level, how TAW is experienced by real people in concrete situations is extremely varied and complex, often depending on intersecting structural variables including gender, age and class. The book therefore provides insight into the gap between powerful discourses and everyday life, as well as a better understanding of personhood in Japan’s shifting landscape of employment. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Japanese Studies, Japanese Business, Asian Business and Asian Anthropology.
The Great Recession pushed Japan’s unemployment rate to historic highs, but the increase has been small by international standards and small relative to the large output shock. This paper explores Japan’s cyclical labor market response to the global financial crisis. Our findings suggest that: (i) employment responsiveness has been historically low but rising over time with the increasing importance of the non-regular workforce; (ii) the labor market response was consistent with historical patterns once we control for the size of the output shock; and (iii) the comparatively lower employment response vis-à-vis other countries can in part be explained by the quick implementation of an employment subsidy program, a more flexible wage system, and a corporate governance structure that places workers rights above shareholders.