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Introduced under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, the new right of access (commonly known as the 'right to roam') was phased in between September 2004 and October 2005, giving walkers the right to walk on large areas of the English countryside without having to keep to specified paths. 865,000 hectares of land (around 6.5 per cent of all land in England) is in practice open to the public and of this, 733,000 hectares is land to which no right of access previously existed. The NAO report finds that the right to roam was successfully introduced by the Countryside Agency in conjunction with Defra two months ahead of target, with easy access to over 90 per cent of the sites tested. There were initial problems with the countryside access website established to provide public information about the scheme, relating to the quality of online maps of access land and to the search function, but these had begun to improve by April 2006. The cost of implementing the open access programme was almost double the original estimate, largely due to a failure to pilot test the implementation of the scheme and a lack of adequate project management. In total, the cost of implementation is estimated to be £69 million and ongoing running costs are expected to be around £13 million in 2006-07. Although the benefits of the scheme cannot be easily quantified in financial terms, the NAO's initial assessment of the new right of access finds that it passed the key test of whether walkers can use it. Recommendations made include that in order to improve public transport facilities to enable people on low incomes and from urban areas to have more opportunities to use their new right of access, the Agency should explore with local councils the cost-effectiveness of diverting weekend bus services past open access land.
The Countryside Rights of Way Act 2000 introduced a public right to walk across designated mountain, moor, heath, downs and registered common land in England. DEFRA tasked the Countryside Agency with opening-up the new access by the end of 2005, and the target was met with two months to spare. However the implementation of the right to roam cost the Countryside Agency £24.6 million more than anticipated, with knock-on impacts on other programmes. This report looks at the implementation of open access and the effect of the policy under the headings: encouraging the public to use the right to roam across the countryside; protecting the environment of access land and the rights of landowners; improving planning and project management. However the success of legislation is as yet unknown because there is no information on the extent to which the public are making use of their new right. In October 2006 the responsibility for open access passed from the Countryside Agency to Natural England.
This collection of critical essays considers the criminalisation of squatting from a range of different theoretical, policy and practice perspectives. While the practice of squatting has long been criminalised in some jurisdictions, the last few years have witnessed the emergence of a newly constituted political concern with unlawful occupation of land. With initiatives to address the ‘threat’ of squatting sweeping across Europe, the offence of squatting in a residential building was created in England in 2012. This development, which has attracted a large measure of media attention, has been widely regarded as a controversial policy departure, with many commentators, Parliamentarians, and professional organisations arguing that its support is premised on misunderstandings of the current law and a precarious evidence-base concerning the nature and prevalence of ‘squatting’. Moral Rhetoric and the Criminalisation of Squatting explores the significance of measures to criminalise squatting for squatters, owners and communities. The book also interrogates wider themes that draw on political philosophy, social policy, criminal justice and the nature of ownership, to consider how the assimilation of squatting to a contemporary punitive turn is shaping the political, social, legal and moral landscapes of property, housing and crime.
This revised fourteenth edition reinforces this title's reputation as the bible of British planning. It provides a through explanation of planning processes including the institutions involved, tools, systems, policies and changes to land use.
Hillwalking is an indispensable guide to the skills required for summer hill walking and is a major reference book for those who wish to lead groups in the UK and Ireland. It is the official handbook for Mountain Training's walking schemes. This fully updated third edition covers every aspect of walking in the hills, from clothing and equipment to access and the environment. It also covers camping, route finding and navigation, the weather, party management, hazards and risk management, and incidents and first aid. The book contains new information about access to the hills and advice for leaders working with people with disabilities. The navigation section has also been expanded to include major updates about digital mapping and GPS devices in this increasingly technological age. Written by International Mountain Guide Steve Long with contributions from staff at the National Mountaineering Centre Plas y Brenin, Hillwalking is endorsed by the British Mountaineering Council, Mountaineering Council of Scotland and Mountaineering Ireland. The publisher, Mountain Training, recently celebrated its 50th anniversary and currently oversees 13 skills and leadership schemes in walking, climbing and mountaineering.
Published in 1999. Questions of human rights, changes in social structures, economic climates and technological developments all impact on property law. This edited collection provides an in-depth analysis of present law and practical proposals for the future, written by the foremost international figures in the field from a variety of theoretical and professional backgrounds.
This thirteenth edition has been completely revised to take into account all the changes that have occurred in British planning, including the policies introduced by the Labour government, devolution, innovations and the European Union.
The last century has seen a dramatic increase in ramblers, mountaineers, cyclists and hill walkers enjoying the British countryside. This remarkable book charts the history of the outdoor movement from its late Victorian origins to its present status. Harvey Taylor describes how the active participants in the movement combined to create a loosely constructed entity, held together by common areas of interest and shared campaigning concerns. From the formation of Footpath Protection Societies and the development of a Countryside Access campaign in the inter-war years, he emphasises that the movement was very much more than just a 'craze' or a reaction against creeping industrialisation and urbanisation as was portrayed at the time. This is a fascinating introduction to a particularly British recreational phenomenon.
'Research Methods in the Biosciences' demystifies the process of research and describes all the factors that enable effective investigation. These include planning your experiment; data collection, analysis, interpretation, and reporting; and legal, ethical, and health & safety considerations.