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The purpose of this study has been to inquire into the extent and character of retention, transfer, and withdrawal of undergraduate students in a group of representative institutions of higher education. Attention has been given to characteristics of students, their standing in high school and on placement, their reasons for going to college, their financial resources, their subjects of greatest interest, the location of their homes in relation to college, where they lived while attending college, their extracurricular activities, and the extent to which they contributed to the defrayment of their college expenses. Particular emphasis has been placed on length of attendance and reasons for transfer and discontinuance. Three appendixes present: (1) Consultants and Participants; (2) Schedules and Forms; and (3) Tables. A bibliography is included. (Contains 78 tables.) [Best copy available has been provided.].
The 275-page study looks closely at how colleges are developing special programs to retain at risk populations such as students in need of remedial help, immigrants, students with limited financial means, and other categories of student at risk of withdrawal. The study examines the effectiveness of programs in remedial mathematics and writing, English as a Second Language, special programs for at-risk veterans, financial literacy programs, specialized tutoring, and other programs and approaches designed to identify and help students at risk of withdrawal. The study helps administrators to answer questions such as: what are the most effective methods of helping such students? Tutoring? Counseling? Peer Advising? Specialized classes? How are such programs paid for? What kinds of programs get the most budgetary support? What is the role of grants and other forms of outside support? How are programs assessed?
Institutions of higher education have come to view the retention of college students as the only reasonable mechanism of their survival, and a growing number have turned their energies on measures through which they can mitigate the ever- increasing and worrisome student withdrawal rates. Research shows that over half of all college- entering students in the United States of America are likely to leave before they complete their first year. It is estimated that American colleges and universities lose approximately one billion dollars a year from first-year student attrition. Globalization, with its accompanying socioeconomic, demographic, and technological changes, is having a significant impact on countries' workforce and their postsecondary institutions. For a countries to successfully compete in the global economy, they need more highly educated and skilled workforces. Such workforces must be able to adapt to the needs of rapidly changing and more technically demanding global work environments. Today, six out of every ten jobs require some post-high school education and training.
Research on college student attrition and retention is reviewed. Overall dropout rates and the reasons students give for dropping out are examined, and an attempt is made to assess the outcomes of going straight through college, as opposed to dropping out, temporarily leaving school, and not going to college at all. The demographic, academic, motivational, and personal characteristics of students who are likely to drop out are examined, along with the effect of the general college environmental factors on persistence. College programs designed to upgrade the level of educational service and encourage students to remain in college are described. The programs concern: pre-enrollment information, admissions, college costs and ways to meet them, orientation, faculty and student interaction, academic programs, counseling and advising, career development, campus activities, housing, the withdrawal procedure, two-year colleges, and administration of the retention program. Students' reasons for dropping out include academic matters, financial difficulties, motivational problems, personal considerations, dissatisfaction with college, military service, and full-time jobs. The evidence indicates that college does make a difference in improvement in self-image, social maturity, interests, competence, and employment. A chart indicates what the last 50 years of retention research have shown about the types of students who are more likely to persist and the types who are less likely to persist. An extensive bibliography is included. (SW)