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Provides a way of accounting for the relationship between language and a variety of social phenomena.
The ephemera collection contains documents of everyday life generally covering publications of fewer than five pages. These may include: advertising material, area guides, booklets, brochures, samples of merchandise postcards, posters, programs, stickers and tickets.
This book responds to recent criticisms that the research and theorization of multilingualism on the part of applied linguists are in collusion with neoliberal policies and economic interests. While acknowledging that neoliberal agencies can appropriate diverse languages and language practices, including resources and dispositions theorized by scholars of multilingualism, it argues that a distinction must be made between the different language ideologies informing communicative practices. Those of neoliberal agencies are motivated by distinct ideological orientations that diverge from the theorization of multilingual practices by critical applied linguists. In addressing this issue, the book draws on the author’s empirical research on skilled migration to demonstrate how sub-Saharan African professionals in English-dominant workplaces in the UK, USA, Australia, and South Africa resist the neoliberal communicative expectations and employ alternate practices informed by critical dispositions. These practices have the potential to transform neoliberal orientations on material development. The book labels the latter as informed by a postcolonial language ideology, to distinguish them from those of neoliberalism. While neoliberal agencies approach languages as being instrumental for profit-making purposes, the author’s informants focus on the synergy between languages to generate new meanings and norms, which are strategically negotiated in pursuit of ethical interests, inclusive interactions, and holistic ecological development. As such, the book clearly illustrates that the way critical scholars and multilinguals relate to language diversity is different from the way neoliberal policies and agencies use multilingualism for their own purposes.
The linguistic landscape (LL) in Taiwan has changed dramatically since the late 1990s, as a result of the rapid increase of intermarriage with immigrants due to work-related and cross-border migration. This transformation is visible in Taiwan's public signage, which has shifted from monolingual Chinese and bilingual Chinese-English to multilingual signs in the public domain. Taiwan is a unique multilingual and multicultural society among Asian countries, as evidenced by the unprecedented proliferation of multilingual signage in Chinese, English, Japanese, Korean, and new immigrant languages such as Vietnamese, Indonesian, Thai, and Tagalog, created and regulated by a variety of top-down and bottom-up organizations. Despite this multilingual and multicultural reality, Taiwan's LL has received little research attention. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to conduct an ethnographic investigation into the changing dynamics of Taiwan's multilingual linguistic landscape (MLL) in Taoyuan City. In this ethnographic study, I examined how the multilingual signs are visually and materially displayed in the MLL in Taoyuan City, drawing on Scollon & Scollon's (2003) framework of place semiotics and Backhaus's (2007) concept of multilingual writing types. I also explored the multifaceted intersections between language policy and planning, geosemiotics, and linguistic landscape. This research study specifically addresses the following four questions: (1) How is the MLL distributed in Taoyuan City, Taiwan? (2) How is the MLL implemented and regulated? Who are the agents and agencies responsible for the signs, and what kinds of signs have they created and implemented from the top-down and bottom-up? (3) How is the diversity of the MLL manifested in terms of code preference and multilingual writing types? and (4) How do community members perceive the MLL? To answer these questions, the research was carried out primarily in the following locations: (1) the Taoyuan Rear Station Shopping District, (2) the Zhongping Shopping District, (3) the Zhongzhen Shopping District, and (4) the Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, as well as the two largest urban shopping centers in Zhongli and Taoyuan Districts. I also analyzed public signage on roads, streets, public transportation systems, and government buildings in the city. Fieldwork was conducted between 2017 and 2022, including the initial explorations of the research sites and follow-up visits to recruit participants and obtain additional data. The primary data collection took place between 2020 and 2021. I collected and categorized a total of 2,292 top-down and bottom-up signs. I also conducted semi-structured interviews with 40 community members and had informal conversations with many shop owners in Taoyuan City as part of the study. Throughout the field research, I engaged in non-participant observation in the selected research sites, took copious fieldnotes, and conducted archival research. The findings shed light on the complex relationship between national language policy and public signage in Taoyuan City. While Chinese and English have been visually prominent in both top-down and bottom-up signs, the new arrival of SEA immigrants, along with their native languages displayed in the public sphere, has created a new dynamic in Taiwan's MLL. The findings show that both top-down and bottom-up organizations are using the national language, Chinese, as the preferred code and English, the most popular and prestigious foreign language, as the secondary code on public signage. Overall, bottom-up signs were found to be more diverse and creative than top-down signs, while top-down signs appeared to use more consistent materials and colors. In terms of information displayed on the MLL, this study discovered that most top-down signs tended to display the same information in multiple languages, whereas bottom-up signs tended to display partial translations or transliterations, or entirely different information in multiple languages. Additionally, this study reveals that the majority of local residents (LRs) and new immigrants (NIs) support the MLL, believing it can benefit Taiwanese society economically, multiculturally, and internationally. In this way, Taoyuan City's MLL reflects not only the city's growing ethnic and cultural diversity, but also the city government's robust efforts to build a cohesive society and a welcoming international environment for Taiwan's diverse ethnic groups, as well as foreign visitors. Furthermore, this ethnographic study of Taoyuan City's MLL can generate supplemental materials for language teaching and learning in the classroom, exposing students and teachers to Taiwan's present-day multilingual and pluricultural reality. The MLL can also be used to teach the complexities of linguistic hierarchies and variation, as well as issues of bilingualism and multilingualism, in diverse educational settings. Therefore, the visual display of the MLL in Taoyuan City serves as an important resource for Taiwanese students, teachers, and other community members seeking to better understand the social structure of Taiwanese society, solidify their language and cultural appreciation, and broaden their worldviews in order to become global citizens in the twenty-first century. Further research into the MLL in other Taiwanese cities and counties is needed, as is further discussion about the maintenance of local linguistic identities in the face of the presence of foreign dominant languages, such as English, and Southeast Asian (SEA) immigrant languages promoted by Taiwan's national language policy in the public sphere.