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Calculations of the total radiation emerging from planetary atmospheres optically thicker than those of the earth. For Rayleigh scattering and Lambert reflectivity, the flux is determined for a wide range of solar elevations, ground reflectivities, and optical depths. For very large surface reflectivities there is more radiation downward onto a planet at the bottom of a thick atmosphere than is received at the top because the radiation that does penetrate undergoes multiple reflection. The total radiation absorbed by the surface plus the corresponding diffuse upward radiation always equals the input flow. Bond albedo is determined by numericaly integration. It approaches the value of the ground reflectivity as optical thickness approaches zero, and approaches 1 as it becomes very large. (Author).
Earth’s atmosphere and oceans play individual and interconnected roles in regulating climate and the hydrological system, supporting organisms and ecosystems, and contributing to the well-being of human communities and economies. Recognizing the importance of these two geophysical fluids, NASA designed the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud and ocean Ecosystems (PACE) mission to bring cutting edge technology to space borne measurements of the atmosphere and ocean. PACE will carry the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a radiometer with hyperspectral capability from the ultraviolet through the near-infrared, plus eight discreet shortwave infrared bands. Thus, OCI will measure the broadest solar spectrum of any NASA instrument, to date. PACE’s second instrument will be a Multi-Angle Polarimeter (MAP). MAP will be NASA’s first imaging polarimeter on board a comprehensive Earth science mission. These instruments bring new capability to the science community, but also new challenges. Fundamentals, such as basic radiative transfer models, require review, enhancements and benchmarking in order to meet the needs of the atmosphereocean communities in the PACE era. Both OCI and MAP will bring opportunities to continue heritage climate data records of aerosols and clouds and to advance characterization of these atmospheric constituents with new macrophysical and microphysical parameters. The ability to better characterize atmospheric constituents is a necessity to better separate ocean and atmosphere signals in order to fully realize the potential of PACE measurements for oceanic observations. Atmospheric correction in the PACE era must address the expanded wavelength range and resolution of OCI images, requiring new approaches that go beyond heritage algorithms. This Research Topic encompasses fundamental radiative transfer studies, with application to the atmosphere, ocean or coupled atmosphere-ocean system. It includes remote sensing of aerosols, clouds and trace gases, over ocean or over land, but with particular focus on algorithms that take advantage of OCI’s new capabilities or multi-angle polarimetry. The Research Topic embraces studies of atmospheric correction over ocean including addressing issues of aerosols, cloud masking, foam, bubbles, ice etc., as well as ocean bio-optics and biogeochemical studies taking advantage of the PACE and polarization spectral capabilities.
Theoretically derived values of the directional intensity of radiation emerging from both the top and the bottom of a Rayleigh scattering atmosphere are presented graphically. The model assumes a plane-parallel atmosphere illuminated by the sun, with either a completely absorbing planetary surface or Lambert ground reflection. By using Mullikin's and Sekera's recent modification of Chandrasekhar's radiative-transfer theory, the intensities were obtained for much larger values of the optical thickness of the atmosphere than was previously possible. These intensities are given for a wide range of optical thicknesses, solar zenith angles, and directions of emergence. (Author).
This volume outlines the fundamentals and applications of light scattering, absorption and polarization processes involving ice crystals.
This book, first published in 2000, provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of UV radiation effects in the marine environment. It is aimed at researchers and graduate students in photobiology, photochemistry and environmental science. It will also be useful as a supplementary text for courses in oceanography, climatology and ecology.
This book presents the basis of atmospheric radiative transfer for graduate students, as well as for scientists or engineers who want to start work in this domain. It supposes that the reader has reached a general college level in mathematics & physics. The first part covers the theory of radiative energy transfer & is of interest for a larger audience than only the atmospheric scientists. After carefully defining the various quantities characterizing radiation energy & its interaction with matter, the equation of radiative transfer is established & the laws of blackbody emission reviewed. One chapter presents the detection of radiative energy. The next chapters review the problems of quantitative spectroscopy & the transfer of energy in an absorbing & emitting medium. Finally, the laws of scattering are presented & the transfer of radiation in a scattering medium, including polarization, is analyzed.
Fundamentals of radiation for atmospheric applications -- Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere -- Absorption and scattering of solar radiation in the atmosphere -- Thermal infrared radiation transfer in the atmosphere -- Light scattering by atmospheric particulates -- Principles of radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres -- Application of radiative transfer principles to remote sensing -- Radiation and climate.