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The growing and aging population has created an increased demand for health care, resulting in a need for hundreds of thousands more nurses across the United States. As a result, additional nurse faculty are needed to teach the next generation of nurses. However, nurses who enter the faculty role in academia often come from various professional backgrounds with different educational preparation that may not equate to success with the tripartite faculty role of teaching, scholarship, and service. As a way to retain and develop novice faculty, mentoring relationships and programs are promoted as an intervention for career and psychosocial development within academia. Mentoring is an interpersonal process built on mutual trust and friendship to create a professional and personal bond. Mentoring relationships can help develop selfconfidence, productivity, and career satisfaction among nurse faculty members. Effective mentoring relationships can ease the transition into academia and provide a vital foundation for productive academic careers. However, the interpersonal process that is the hallmark of mentoring can differ between a mentor and protégé, leading to vast differences in quality and effectiveness. Although mentoring is widely recommended, little is known about the process of mentoring relationships in academia or how novice nurse faculty utilize mentoring to transition into academia. The purpose of this qualitative grounded theory study is to uncover a theoretical framework that describes how mentoring relationships, as experienced by novice nurse faculty, unfold. Charmaz's method of grounded theory was used to interview full-time novice nurse faculty (N = 21) with three years or less in the faculty role from nursing programs across the United States. The grounded theory theoretical framework, Creating Mentorship Pathways to Navigate Academia captures the process of mentoring as experienced by novice nurse faculty within academia. The theoretical framework contains five main phases as described by novice nurse faculty being assigned a formal mentor, not having mentoring needs met, seeking an informal mentor, connecting with mentor, and doing the work of mentoring. Participants created mentorship pathways through both formal and informal mentoring relationships to navigate academia by acquiring knowledge, meeting expectations, and functioning in the role as a faculty member.
Success. Job satisfaction. Leadership. How are these developed and nurtured in a nursing career? Can mentors make a difference? They can and do, according to this book---edited by two pioneering researchers in the field of nursing mentorship. Here they explore the conceptual and practical aspects of mentorship and what it means in nursing. They are joined by more than a hundred nurses, including nurse leaders such as Beverly Malone, Marla Salmon, and Joyce Fitzpatrick, who contribute stories, essays, and personal reflections on mentorship. Their voices, in addition to the editor's research, suggest that nurses are inventing a new, evolving, and very meaningful paradigm, which reaps mentorship's classic benefits: career success and advancement personal and professional satisfaction, enhanced self-esteem and confidence, preparation for leadership roles and succession, and strengthening of the profession. The book describes the dynamics of both informal mentor relationships and structured mentorship programs, such as those used in schools of nursing to help disadvantaged students. In addition to looking at education, the book describes how mentorship plays a role in the practice setting, in professional organizations, and with peers and groups, and how it promotes international and cross-cultural understanding.
The nursing shortage is expected to peak in the United States in the next few years, further necessitating the need for increased capacity at the nation’s schools of nursing. However, the shortage in nurses is also reflected in nursing academia, where faculty vacancies are prevalent nationwide. This study examines the correlation between mentorship programs and the amount of role strain and intent to leave amongst novice educators. How nursing faculty describe mentoring and role strain in the various dimensions is the fundamental question of this survey. Recent studies acknowledge that the transition process into academia is fraught with uncertainty and stress and that mentorship, when provided, significantly assists novice faculty in their development and transition to their new role. Studies support that guidance from peers and strong mentoring are invaluable in assisting novice faculty in transitioning to their new role in academia. The instrument utilized was based on Mobily’s Role Strain Scale (1991); however, the instrument was modified by grouping questions by factors for ease of participants. A web-based survey generated data that indicated that more than half the study participants had the benefit of working with a mentor when a novice. Findings show the importance of a mentorship relationship as one of the primary considerations that impact the amount of role strain and intent to leave among nursing faculty, regardless of experience level. As the nursing shortage intensifies, it will be essential to retain qualified nursing faculty. Simply hiring nursing faculty without planning for their support, development, and growth will not sustain the needs of nursing schools nationwide. Mentorship programs, when utilized, can assist in this transition process, and as this study has shown, can lead to retention of faculty, by decreasing their overall stress or role strain and by decreasing their intent to leave the academic environment.
The nursing faculty shortage and its contributing factors have been well documented in the literature. Contributory factors include lack of graduate prepared faculty, difficulty recruiting and retaining faculty, and a decrease in job satisfaction within the faculty role. The use of mentoring programs has the potential to impact the nursing faculty shortage by increasing job satisfaction while providing novice faculty with additional support during the transition from clinical nurse to nursing faculty. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the importance of and satisfaction with characteristics of mentoring in full time nursing faculty teaching in baccalaureate degree programs or higher. This study aimed to determine the degree to which nursing faculty perceive the importance of characteristics of the mentor and mentoring relationship, as well as the level of satisfaction with the mentor and mentoring relationship. Benner's theory of novice to expert was used as the theoretical framework for this cross-sectional study. Full-time nursing faculty in a Midwestern state were surveyed using convenience sampling. The survey instrument consisted of demographic data, modified Perceptions of Mentoring Relationships Survey, and satisfaction with mentoring. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics with measures of central tendency, independent t-test, and standard deviation. The results did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship among survey items; however, mentoring characteristics that proved to be both of high importance and high satisfaction were identified. Deeper insight into the characteristics of mentoring that are of importance and produce satisfaction is essential into the development of formal mentoring programs to make positive, lasting impacts on the nursing faculty shortage.
This interview study examined perceptions of tenure track nursing faculty currently involved, or previously involved, as mentees in nursing departments in order to gather their reports about characteristics of their mentoring relationships, as well as the benefits and shortcomings of the mentoring they experienced. This occurred within seven baccalaureate schools of nursing in a single east coast state. The major conclusions were: 1. Mentors promote interpersonal bonding by serving as guides and resources for their mentees, which results in mentees freely dialoguing with department members. 2. Creating an environment of social support for new faculty mentees involves clearly defining expectations, inviting members to participate with mentors and other university leaders at meetings both at the university, as well as the surrounding communities. It is also important for the department of nursing to ensure that mentors are fully available to provide mentees with opportunities to listen, give advice, and provide feedback. 3. Mentors need to expose their mentees to opportunities for active participation in research, applying for grants, networking, and discussions about internal review board processes, as well as demands placed on nurse educators, as opposed to nurse clinicians. Discussion of all these topics should be incorporated into the department faculty and school of nursing meetings, which mentees should attend. 4. Departmental and school history needs to be communicated to new nursing faculty formally, rather than allowing such information to be only transmitted informally. 5. Mentors must be accessible to mentees when they first start their jobs. How responsive they are and how much time is devoted to the new mentoring relationship is very important, as is responding to mentees needs in a positive fashion by devoting time for one-to-one meetings weekly or every other week. These one-to-one interactions help to facilitate bonding between mentor and mentee.
In the U.S., there is a growing nursing shortage that threatens to cripple the health care system as the need for nursing services, particularly in acute care, continues to outweigh the number of nurses available (Buerhaus, Staiger & Auerbach, 2000). Much attention has been paid to recruitment and retention of hospital staff nurses, who represent the majority of the nursing workforce. Mentoring has been widely suggested as one strategy to promote retention of hospital staff nurses (Allen, 2002a; Allen, 2002b; Fawcett, 2002; Hom, 2003, Oermann & Garvin, 2002; Pinkerton, 2003). Research has demonstrated the relationships between mentoring and both competency and retention among novice staff nurses. Nursing research examining interventions and benefits related to mentoring among nurses beyond the first year in practice is limited (Caine, 1998; Fagan & Fagan, 1983; Thomka, 2004). This research study explored mentoring benefits among pediatric staff nurse proteges through application of a business mentoring model, the Mutual Benefits Model (Zey, 1991), to nursing. This descriptive correlational study used a research booklet containing three questionnaires, demographic questionnaire, Caine Quality of Mentoring Tool (CQM) developed by Caine (1989), and the Jakubik Mentoring Benefits Questionnaire (Jakubik MBQ) developed by this researcher to collect data from 214 pediatric nurses who had experiences as staff nurse proteges in mentoring relationships. The hypothesis that the linear combination of quantity, quality and type of mentoring relationship would predict mentoring benefits better than any one factor alone was rejected. The hypothesis was tested by stepwise multiple regression analysis which revealed an overall R = .55 with quality of mentoring as the only predictor variable which entered the MR equation (p