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This book analyses the ongoing reform of the European economic union in the light of the new objective of ‘stability of the euro area as a whole’ in Article 136(3) TFEU. On the basis of the relevant legal sources, it qualifies this objective as the obligation to preserve the existence of the monetary union, the establishment of which was an EU goal laid down in Article 3(4) TEU. While to date the objective has been achieved through fiscal and macroeconomic consolidation in the member states and the activation of stabilisation mechanisms in cases of emergency, the book argues that full stability requires a better system of economic governance, either through a process of partial fiscal centralisation or the return to a more efficient and sustainable market discipline of public finances. It also analyses the concrete legal challenges these raise, including compliance with the conferral principle, the longstanding democratic deficit of the governance and the balance between financial solidarity and fiscal responsibility.
This book analyses the ongoing reform of the European economic union in the light of the new objective of ‘stability of the euro area as a whole’ in Article 136(3) TFEU. On the basis of the relevant legal sources, it qualifies this objective as the obligation to preserve the existence of the monetary union, the establishment of which was an EU goal laid down in Article 3(4) TEU. While to date the objective has been achieved through fiscal and macroeconomic consolidation in the member states and the activation of stabilisation mechanisms in cases of emergency, the book argues that full stability requires a better system of economic governance, either through a process of partial fiscal centralisation or the return to a more efficient and sustainable market discipline of public finances. It also analyses the concrete legal challenges these raise, including compliance with the conferral principle, the longstanding democratic deficit of the governance and the balance between financial solidarity and fiscal responsibility.
A holistic approach to interpreting early modern London society.
EU fiscal integration is indispensable to establishing a stable single currency in the long run. However, this integration is proving ever more difficult in light of increasing national constitutional opposition. The author of this groundbreaking book shows that this dilemma between EU fiscal integration and national constitutional limits can be refuted. He provides a structured, comparative overview and outlook on how the available national constitutional space can be adapted to the political aspirations aiming at implementing EU fiscal integration steps while at the same time effectively protecting the national constitutional values at stake. Beginning with a macro-comparative assessment of Finland and Germany – two countries which have comprehensively dealt with Eurocrisis-issues in largely contrasting constitutional ways – and continuing with a comparative assessment of the specific French, German, Polish, and Spanish constitutional (identity) limits, EU fiscal integration steps are tested against the charted national constitutional space to determine their attainability. The resulting overview identifies best practices that can be employed to locate constitutional space for EU fiscal integration while enhancing the protection of core constitutional principles. The analysis addresses such specific areas as the following: constitutional red-line limits vs. flexible or mutable constitutional approaches to EU fiscal integration; strict constitutional identity limits that formulate obstacles to the attainment of EU fiscal integration; how national constitutional authorities perceive and portray the EU in their respective approaches; integration measures as an increase in the impact of sovereign powers vs. loss of autonomous decision-making; application of national constitutional frameworks during the Eurocrisis; ex ante constitutional review and ex post judicial scrutiny in representative Member States; national budgetary responsibility and fiscal autonomy; emergency budgetary instruments; and funding options for fiscal integration. The analysis throughout highlights the important role EU integration plays in stabilizing core national constitutional values in light of such complex challenges as the COVID-19 pandemic, the current Russian war of aggression against Ukraine and the required common defence strategies, but also climate change and digitalization. In its innovative response to the urgent challenge of feasible EMU reforms to stabilize the euro, this book displays how national constitutional systems can address EU (fiscal) integration in a more flexible and yet more effective manner, how EU integration steps can engage with national constitutional concerns in a more structured manner, as well as specifically hownational parliaments can be integrated and play a decisive role even when budgetary and fiscal powers are conferred at the EU level, thereby identifying a future model for EU cooperation in politically important competence areas. It thus offers a constructive outlook on achievable fiscal integration steps which will prove of inestimable value to lawyers, judges, and policymakers at the national and EU levels.
A critical analysis of the legal dimension of European Union economic governance.
This Open Access book offers a novel view on the benefits of a lasting variation between the member states in the EU. In order to bring together thirty very different European states and their citizens, the EU will have to offer more scope for variation. Unlike the existing differentiation by means of opt-outs and deviations, variation is not a concession intended to resolve impasses in negotiations; it is, rather, a different structuring principle. It takes differences in needs and in democratically supported convictions seriously. A common core remains necessary, specifically concerning the basic principles of democracy, rule of law, fundamental rights and freedoms, and the common market. By taking this approach, the authors remove the pressure to embrace uniformity from the debate about the EU’s future. The book discusses forms of variation that fall both within and outside the current framework of European Union Treaties. The scope for these variations is mapped out in three domains: the internal market; the euro; and asylum, migration and border control.
An innovative, bipartisan and comprehensive account of why European economic integration has been in disarray and how to fix it.
The Global Financial Stability Report examines current risks facing the global financial system and policy actions that may mitigate these. It analyzes the key challenges facing financial and nonfinancial firms as they continue to repair their balance sheets. Chapter 2 takes a closer look at whether sovereign credit default swaps markets are good indicators of sovereign credit risk. Chapter 3 examines unconventional monetary policy in some depth, including the policies pursued by the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank, and the U.S. Federal Reserve.
David Howarth and Peter Loedel provide a theoretically inspired account of the creation, design and operation of the European Central Bank. Issues explored include the theoretical approaches to the ECB, the antecedents of European monetary authority, the different national perspectives on central bank independence, the complex organization of the bank, the issues of accountability and the difficult first years of the ECB in operation.
Comprehensive 200-page overview of the ECB from its inception in June 1998 until the present day.