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Histories of the Puerto Rican experience.
Immigration from Puerto Rico from 1850 to 1925 to both California and to Hawaii is identified, and analyzed. Over 350 names of these immigrants were identified via an analysis of the U.S. Federal Census including the 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, and 1910 Censuses were reviewed and names were identified, and extracted. Over 400 sources identified in the Bibliography, many of which are "primary sources", along with 32 "Exhibits" (photos, images, charts and tables) are presented.
A new millennium, with new realities. The demographic and socioeconomic profile of Puerto Ricans has changed dramatically. In less than a decade, the Puerto Rican population living in the U.S. has surpassed those living in Puerto Rico. The migration wave of the past decade rivals the magnitude of the Great Migration of the 1950s. Even among Puerto Ricans on the mainland, the patterns of migration have changed significantly. With over a million Puerto Ricans crossing state lines over the past decade, a rate of mobility far exceeding that of the U.S. population as a whole, the traditional centers of Puerto Rican community in the US are changing. Florida is on its way to eclipsing New York State as the major stateside location of Puerto Ricans. At the same time, the Puerto Rican community has endured the effects of the Great Recession of 2008 in distinct ways. Economic hard times spurred migration to the mainland, as the recession brought unemployment and poverty to a great many Puerto Ricans. Yet, stateside, Puerto Ricans recovered faster and fared better overall than other ethnic groups. By 2011, Puerto Ricans workers had improved when compared to average earnings of non-Hispanic white workers. Puerto Rican women show the most significant gains in earnings during this period, in both absolute and relative terms. The depictions that emerge from this book are tales of resiliency amid declining opportunity and the enduring challenges faced by those still caught in the trough of the recession. The book is also a story about those who left the island for the mainland United States in search of economic opportunities and about the social contexts of the new communities throughout the United States in which they have settled.
This study was undertaken to provide insight into the circumstances of California's Puerto Ricans who are only now surfacing as a distinct Latino bloc within the State's larger Hispanic population. Research methods consisted of a demographic analysis of Puerto Ricans in California and interviews with community representatives and public officials to assess the needs of Puerto Ricans and their participation in government programs. Findings indicate: (1) the Puerto Rican community is dispersed throughout California; (2) Puerto Rican organizations are structured along social club lines and are primarily engaged in activities supporting the culture and language; (3) Puerto Ricans have had limited success in soliciting assistance from public agencies; (4) governmental social action agencies and other groups concerned with minority problems have not been aware of Puerto Ricans in California; (5) discrimination that follows from being Hispanic as well as from mislabeling as Mexican aliens affects Puerto Ricans; (6) Puerto Ricans have difficulty obtaining adequate social services; (7) bilingual education programs often do not meet the cultural needs of Puerto Rican students; (8) there is a lack of awareness by Federal and State agencies as to the existence of a Puerto Rican population in California; and (9) the nature of daily concerns of the Puerto Rican community has not been addressed by public officials or governmental agencies. (Author/MK).
Though now a significant ethnic group in the US, Puerto Ricans are rarely studied - and often misunderstood. Edna Acosta-Belen and Carlos Santiago change this status quo, presenting a nuanced portrait of both the community today and the trajectory of its development. The authors move deftly from Puerto Rico's colonial experience, through a series of waves of migration, to the emergence of the commuter patterns seen today. Not least, they draw on extensive data to dispel widespread myths and stereotypes. Their work is a long overdue corrective to conventional wisdom about the role of the Puerto Rican community within US society.
A brief history of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rican immigration to the mainland, and the individual contributions of Puerto Ricans to American life and culture.
At the landmark centennial anniversary of the 1917 Jones-Shafroth Act, which granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship, the island confronts an unfolding humanitarian crisis initially triggered by an acute economic crisis surging since 2006. Analyzing large datasets such as the American Community Survey and the Puerto Rican Community Survey, this book represents the first comprehensive analysis of the socioeconomic and demographic consequences of “La Crisis Boricua” for Puerto Ricans on the island and mainland, including massive net outmigration from the island on a scale not seen for sixty years; a shrinking and rapidly aging population; a shut-down of high-tech industries; a significant loss in public and private sector jobs; a deteriorating infrastructure; higher sales taxes than any of the states; $74 billion in public debt plus another $49 billion in unfunded pension obligations; and defaults on payments to bondholders. This book also discusses how the socioeconomic and demographic outcomes differ among stateside Puerto Ricans, including recent migrants, in traditional settlement areas such as New York versus those in newer settlement areas such as Florida and Texas. Florida is now home to 1.1 million Puerto Ricans (essentially the same number as those living in New York) and received a full third of the migrants from the island to mainland during this time. Scholars interested in the transition of migrants into their receiving communities (regardless of the Puerto Rican case) will also find this book to be of interest, particularly with respect to the comparative analyses on earnings, the likelihood of being impoverished, and self-employment.
Language and identity have an undeniable link, but what happens when a second language is imposed on a populace? Can a link be broken or transformed? Are the attitudes towards the imposed language influential? Can these attitudes change over time? The mixed-methods results provided by this book are ground-breaking because they document how historical and traditional attitudes are changing towards both American English (AE) and Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS) on an island where the population has been subjected to both Spanish and US colonization. There are presently almost four million people living in Puerto Rico, while the Puerto Rican diaspora has surpassed it with more than this living in the United States alone. Because of this, many members of the diaspora no longer speak PRS, yet consider themselves to be Puerto Rican. Traditional stances against people who do not live on the island or speak the predominant language (PRS) yet wish to identify themselves as Puerto Rican have historically led to prejudice and strained relationships between people of Puerto Rican ancestry. The sample study provided here shows that there is not only a change in attitude towards the traditional link between PRS and Puerto Rican identity (leading to the inclusion of diasporic Puerto Ricans), but also a wider acceptance of the English language itself on this Caribbean island.