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When clinical psychologist Jordan B. Peterson started a discussion about how we think and how we treat differences between men and women and sexual identity in our society, the attention he attracted was overwhelming. The professional firebrand Milo Yiannopoulos, with his outspoken opinions about feminism and gender difference draws large audiences and even larger controversy. What struck me in these discussions, and in my own discussions with people of all kind, is that there is a profound lack of knowledge of the facts, of the science behind gender differences. Without facts, the discussion is based on feelings, and necessarily empty.I am a psychologist who has done research into gender differences. In this short text, I want to step into the discussion by giving you theoretical and psychological backgrounds: an outline of the post-modern philosophy in which the Social Justice Warrior Movement is rooted, and the scientific and ideological knowledge that you need in the discussion of gender politics. Some people argue that psychological differences between people and men and women have a biological base and explain things we see in our society. Other people think that psychological differences between people and men and women have no biological base and are just the result of the way we treat people and men and women. It is important to realise this is a SCIENTIFIC question, not an ideological one.We will look at Post-modernism, Personality and Intelligence, gender differences in Personality, Intelligence, and motivation, evolutionary psychology and behavioural genetics, the relevance of personality and political preference, and the importance of free speech in democracy.You will see that we know a lot more about gender differences than you might think. You will also see tat the current assumption that all gender differences are a consequence of society is scientifically undefendable and based on wishful thinking and ideology. On the other hand, you will see that claiming that all gender differences are set-in-stone biologically determined is just as undefendable. You will be able to think more clearly about variation between people, and that small differences in large groups in a competitive environment can have large differences. With this knowledge, you will be able to think more clearly about the underrepresentation of women in engineering and maths, the underrepresentation of men in people-based jobs, the so-called gender wage gap, and the utility and fairness of corrective measures.Marc Luxen has a PhD in Evolutionary Psychology and Personality. He has worked at several university in The Netherlands, until he left academics to work in the dive industry. He publishes about diving, cooking, and psychology.
In The Gender and Psychology Reader, Blythe McVicker Clinchy and Julie K. Norem have culled through a diverse group of readings to provide a wide-ranging exploration of both progress made and problems encountered as psychologists grapple with gender. The volume includes both classic and contemporary readings, drawn from all branches of psychology-- social, developmental, personality, cognitive, history, physiological/biological--as well as from other disciplines, including sociology, philosophy, and anthropology.The essays cover a gamut of subjects including epistemological issues, the study of difference, the embodiment of gender, autonomy and connection in relationships, and clinical implications. A concluding chapter by the editors considers themes that can be traced through the different sections, gaps in current perspectives, and future directions.The Gender and Psychology Reader includes contributions from an array of distinguished scholars from varying methodological and disciplinary backgrounds. Among the contributors are Laurel Furumoto, Jeanne Marecek, Laura S. Brown, Anne Fausto- Sterling, Sandra Lipsitz Bem, Michelle Fine, Jospeh H. Pleck, J. G. Morawski, Daniel A. Hart, Barrie Thorne, and Aida Hurtado. Organized for easy use as either a primary or supplementary text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in psychology, The Gender and Psychology Reader will also serve as the essential reference for those in clinical practice interested in gender issues.
Presents comprehensive guidance to the international field of sports history as it has developed as an academic area of study. This book guides readers through the development of the field across a range of thematic and geographical contexts. It is suitable for researchers and students in, and entering, the sports history field.
Exploring Depth Psychology and the Female Self: Feminist Themes from Somewhere presents a Jungian take on modern feminism, offering an international assessment with a dynamic political edge which includes perspectives from both clinicians and academics. Presented in three parts, this unique collection explores how the fields of gender and politics have influenced each other, how myth and storytelling craft feminist narratives and how public discussion can amplify feminist theory. The contributions include some which are traditionally theoretical in tone, and some which are uniquely personal, but all work to encounter the female self as an active entity. The book as a whole offers a multi-faceted and interdisciplinary approach to feminism and feminist issues from contemporary voices around the world, as well as a critique of Jung’s essentialist notion of the feminine. Exploring Depth Psychology and the Female Self will offer insightful perspectives to academics and students of Jungian and post-Jungian studies, gender studies and politics. It will also be of great interest to Jungian analysts and psychotherapists, and analytical psychologists.
When we examine the field of gender psychology closely, we note that much of what the popular media tells us about women and men does not hold up to research scrutiny. This handbook helps to replace media stereotypes and myths with realities and shows us that there are more similarities between the sexes than differences. The contributors to this handbook have a highly practical and readable approach that will prompt readers to examine their self-awareness and social tolerance to biases against women and men in our social institutions such as schools and workplaces. They also reveal that the increased participation in courses and reading of literature on gender has improved gender role attitudes and behavior, causing both sexes to treat each other with more respect and dignity. The contributors to this volume focus on gender role development and multicultural issues throughout the lifecyle. They also emphasize the empowerment of both sexes. The gender-related topics in this handbook include: Teacher socialization of girls and boys; Women's and men's verbal and nonverbal communication skills; Women's and men's voting patterns; Sexual violence; The gender wage gap; Women's and men's friendships and sexual relationships; Parents' communication of masculinity and femininity to their children.
Most contemporary discussions of sex differences assume that they are determined by society rather than biology. It is society that teaches little girls to be feminine and little boys to be masculine--society that tells women to respond to babies and men to respond to sports. Reflecting the fashionable idea that male and female roles have been "socially constructed," most commentators speak of gender instead of sex. Because men and women are virtually interchangeable, so the argument goes, men should do an equal share of domestic and childrearing work so that women can compete equally outside the home There's only one problem with this beguiling vision of androgyny. Whatever we might like to believe, as Dr. Steven Rhoads shows, sex distinctions remain a deeply rooted part of human nature. In "Taking Sex Differences Seriously," Rhoads assembles a wealth of scientific evidence showing that these differences are "hardwired" into our biology. They range from the subtle (men get a chemical high from winning while women get one from nursing) to the profound (women with high testosterone levels are more promiscuous, more competitive, and more conflicted about having children than those with average levels.) Rhoads explores disparities in aggression and dominance, in sexuality and nurturing. He shows how denial of these differences has helped to create the sexual revolution, fatherless families, and policies such as Title IX, and the call for universal day care. But while insisting that we must take sex differences seriously, Rhoads also advocates discouraging some natural tendencies, like men's desire for irresponsible sex, and encouraging others, like women's greater interest and talent in caring for babies. In this provocative exploration of the masculine and feminine, Steven Rhoads dispels contemporary clichéeacute;s and spotlights biological realities. Meticulously researched and elegantly written, "Taking Sex Differences Seriously" is a groundbreaking look at the way we are.
Offers a sociological perspective of gender that can be applied to our lives. Focusing on the most recent research and theory–both in the U.S. and globally–Gender Roles, 6e provides an in-depth, survey and analysis of modern gender roles and issues from a sociological perspective. The text integrates insights and research from other disciplines such as biology, psychology, anthropology, and history to help build more robust theories of gender roles.
"[This book offers an] overview of legal theory and philosophy...[It] examines...the discipline's major ideas, and promotes an...understanding of the social, moral and economic dimensions of the law. By locating the major traditions of jurisprudence within the history of ideas, the author deepens students' understanding of the perennial debates about the nature and function of law and its relation to justice."--
The first comprehensive treatment of stereotypes and stereotyping, this text synthesizes a vast body of social and cognitive research that has emerged over the past-quarter century. Provided is an unusually broad analysis of stereotypes as products both of individual cognitive activities and of social and cultural forces. While devoting careful attention to harmful aspects of stereotypes, their connections to prejudice and discrimination, and effective strategies for countering them, the volume also examines the positive functions of generalizations in helping people navigate a complex world. Unique features include four chapters addressing the content of stereotypes, which consider such topics as why certain traits are the focus of stereotyping and how they become attributed to particular groups. An outstanding text for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level courses, the volume is highly readable and features many useful examples.
Modern Psychoanalys is is a definitive exploration of the expanding horizons of this still controversial approach to and treatment of human behavior. In the first paperback release of a work sponsored by the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, thirty-five authorities explore new approaches to psychoanalytic theory and therapy, and examine the growing interaction between this field and the other social and behavioral sciences. "Modern Psychoanalysis "demonstrates how some of the leading figures are bringing their discipline into the mainstream of biological and social through!--making use of systems theory, information processing, the constructs of adaptation and learning, and other new tools and findings. The book is unusually free of the jargon that has separated psychoanalysis in the past from the rest of behavioral and social science. Some of the authors and their subjects are: Roy Grinker, "Conceptual Progress in Analysis"; Jin-gen Ruesch, "Psychoanalysis between Two Cultures"; Edward Tauber, "Dreaming and Modern Dream Theory"; Jules Masserman, "The Biody-namic Roots of Psychoanalysis"; Lewis H. Wolberg, "Short-term Psychotherapy"; Stuart M. Finch and Albert Cain, "Psychoanalysis of Children"; Morris Parloff, "Analytic Group Psychotherapy"; Salvador Minuchin, "The Low Socioeconomic Population"; Leonard Duhl and Robert Leopold, "Psychoanalysis and Social Agencies"; Leo'n Edel, "Psychoanalysis and the Creative Arts"; Arnold A. Rogow, "Psychiatry, History and Political Science"; and John R. Seeley, "Psychiatry: Revolution, Reform and Reaction." The volume is prepared with the rigor and comprehensiveness that should make the book a standard handbook for psychiatrists, psychologists, and behavioral scientists. And it is written with a sense of curious readers who may simply be interested in the basic stances of this controversial field of theory and practice. It has earned sufficient plaudits to be called a classic in the field. Judd Manner's new introduction gives added weight to such claims.