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Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Ages of World Wars, grade: 2,0, Turun Yliopisto (University of Turku) (Faculty of Humanities/Baltic Sea Region Studies Program, University of Turku), course: The United States and Northern Europe - Diplomatic Relations since 1918, 5 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In the early years of Finnish independence from 1917 on, Finnish foreign policy was tied to two major problems. First, the White Finnish Government was seeking to obtain international recognition for the new state. Secondly, more urgent and immediate, it had to get access to foreign supplies of foodstuff since the quality of nourishing in Finland had become devastatingly low in the young republic. In this term paper I wish to attempt an explanation of Finland's policy during her early years of independence and put her diplomacy into its historical context and comparing her interests with that of the U.S.A. and Germany. In my opinion, these were the countries, besides Russia, that influenced Finland's policy the most during that period.
The iconic relief organization’s activities over a half century of history, through wars, epidemics, and other disasters: “Well-researched . . . fascinating.” —Julia F. Irwin, Bulletin of the History of Medicine In dark skirts and bloodied boots, Clara Barton fearlessly ventured onto Civil War battlefields to tend to wounded soldiers. She later worked with civilians in Europe during the Franco-Prussian War, lobbied legislators to ratify the Geneva conventions, and founded and ran the American Red Cross. The American Red Cross from Clara Barton to the New Deal tells the story of the charitable organization from its start in 1881, through its humanitarian aid during wars, natural disasters, and the Depression, to its relief efforts of the 1930s. Marian Moser Jones illustrates the tension between the organization’s founding principles of humanity and neutrality and the political, economic, and moral pressures that sometimes caused it to favor one group at the expense of another. This book tells the stories of: • U.S. natural disasters such as the Jacksonville yellow fever epidemic of 1888, the Sea Islands hurricane of 1893, and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake • crises abroad, including the 1892 Russian famine and the Armenian massacres of 1895–96 • efforts to help civilians affected by the civil war in Cuba • power struggles within the American Red Cross leadership and subsequent alliances with the American government • the organization’s expansion during World War I • race riots and massacres in East St. Louis, Chicago, and Tulsa between 1917 and 1921 • help for African American and white Southerners after the Mississippi flood of 1927 • relief projects during the Dust Bowl and after the New Deal An epilogue relates the history of the American Red Cross since the beginning of World War II and illuminates the organization’s current practices and international reputation.
The Finnish Civil War 1918 offers a rich account of the history and memory of the short conflict between socialist Reds and non-socialist Whites in the winter and spring of 1918. It also traces the legacy of the bloody war in Finnish society until today. The volume brings together established scholarship of political and social history with newer approaches stemming from the cultural history of war, memory studies, gender studies, history of emotions, psychohistory and oral history. The contributors provide readers with a solid discussion of the Civil War within its international and national frameworks. Among themes discussed are violence and terror, enemy images, Finnish irredentist campaigns in Soviet Karelia and the complex memory of the conflict. Besides a historical narrative, the volume discusses the current state of historiography of the Finnish Civil War. Contributors are Anders Ahlbäck, Pertti Haapala, Marianne Junila, Tiina Kinnunen, Tiina Lintunen, Aapo Roselius, Tauno Saarela, Juha Siltala, Tuomas Tepora and Marko Tikka.
At the end of World War I the British government found itself deeply mired in a Russian civil war aimed at destroying the infant Bolshevik regime. A year later this effort was in shambles despite massive assistance from abroad. Anti-Bolshevik forces were in retreat and soon were completely annihilated. During 1919 the British government concluded that the costs of bringing down Bolshevism in Russia were prohibitively high. This book is an account of how this conclusion was reached, and of the conflict over Russian policy between David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. Richard H. Ullman is Associate Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University. Published for the Center of International Studies, Princeton University. Originally published in 1968. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.