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The Preparatory Action on Defence Research (PADR) was designed as a precursor programme of the European Defence Fund (EDF). This is the ECA's first audit in the defence area and assessed whether the PADR properly prepared the EU to significantly increase its defence spending through the EDF. We conclude that, while some lessons were learned, the value of the PADR as a testbed for increasing EU defence spending was reduced due to the time constraints and limited results available. When the EDF was launched, most PADR projects were still ongoing. We make several recommendations to help the EDF reach its objectives, in particular to design a long-term strategy to increase the use of the technology developed in the EU defence sector.
This book explores European security and defense R&D policy, unveiling the strategic, industrial, institutional and ideational sources of the European Commission’s military research initiative. Starting from a well-defined empirical epicentre—the rise of non-civilian R&D priorities in the European Union—this book covers interrelated themes and topics such as approaches to arms production and R&D collaboration relationships between European R&D-related institutions technology and research foundations of European security policy past and present European armament collaborations transatlantic R&D collaboration the militarization of border security. Divided into 5 sections, the enclosed chapters explore the EU technology and innovation policy in regards to security, industrial competitiveness and military capabilities. The terrorist attacks in the US on September 11, 2001 provided a window of opportunity for the introduction of security as a distinct European R&D priority. In fact, since 2002, the Preparatory Action for Security Research (PASR) has funded 45 million euros to 39 research consortia to conduct security R&D. While the idea of pooling defense research efforts and programmes in Europe is not new, the establishment of institutions like the European Defense Agency (EDA) are a major step into institutionalizing European agencies involvement in supporting defense technology research. It is against this backdrop of policy developments that this book is positioned, in addition to addressing some of the political, economic, industrial and philosophical questions that arise. Featuring contributions from a variety of academic fields and industries, this book will be of interest to scholars, researchers, students and policy makers in the fields of security policy, international relations, innovation, European studies and military studies.
"In 2015, the European Commission invited key personalities from European industry, government, the European Parliament and academia to advise it on establishing a Preparatory Action on Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)-related research. The primary mission of this Group of Personalities was to help establish recommendations for a long-term vision for EU-funded CSDP-related research which can boost European defence cooperation. These recommendations address the overall scope and governance of future EU-funded CSDP research and highlight possible collaboration and coordination mechanisms. The overarching goal of the Preparatory Action and CSDP-related research is to create a framework that would facilitate a collaborative approach to defence among the member states"--Publisher's web site.
Of all European defence initiatives launched since 2016, the European Defence Fund (EDF) is without doubt one of the most promising, if not the most promising. However, the EDF will not by itself solve all problems related to the fragmentation and therefore inefficiency of European defence procurement. Only the Member States can do so, working in good faith together with the Commission in deciding the EDF work programme and funding allocations. Doing this, it will be essential not to confuse the ends - the creation of a strong and competitive European Defence and Technological Industrial Base (EDTIB) - the ways - inclusiveness through wide cross-border cooperation and the will to pursue strategic autonomy - and the means - the defence research projects funded by the EDF. Keeping the course between at times conflicting paths and ensuring the return on a meaningful but still modest investment (EUR 7.9 billion over seven years) will be the main EDF challenges in the years ahead.
In 2015, the European Commission invited key personalities from European industry, government, the European Parliament and academia to advise it on establishing a Preparatory Action on Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)-related research. This Report is the result of several months of regular conversation and consultation among a group of experts encompassing the 'sherpas', officials from the European Commission and the EUISS.
Enabling power: European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, s. 8 (1), sch. 7, para. 21. Issued: 17.07.2019. Sifted: 18.06.2019. Made: 10.07.2019. Laid: 15.07.2019. Coming into force: In accord. with reg. 1. Effect: None. Territorial extent & classification: E/W/S/NI. General. EC note: Commission Decision 11.04.17, 09.03.18, 19.03.19; Regulation (EU) no. 2018/1092; Commission Implementing Decision 19.3.2019 revoked
After the Internal Market and the Introduction of the Euro, the European Union is making the decisive steps towards the next large project on the way to European unification, which is European Defence. The recent Iraqi crisis has shown that a common European foreign policy is more necessary than ever. In spite of this shortfall, there has been important progress: The European crisis intervention force, such as it was defined in Helsinki in 1999, has already been deployed successfully in two operations. Still, creating a European Defence is an ongoing process, where Europe has to continue to improve its capabilities. The direction that the European Union will have to take in the coming years is indicated by the European Convention, which has proposed to create a European Minister of Foreign Affairs and a European Armaments, Research and Military Capabilities Agency. Within the European Parliament, there is a large majority for the necessity of a European Defence. This is demonstrated by the contributions of representatives of the four major political groups in this book. It also corresponds with the preferences of public opinion. The draft of a European Security Strategy presented by Javier Solana in June 2003 is a good step towards a European Foreign and Security Policy, which will be able to guarantee the security of the European citizens and to defend the interests of the European Union in the world. High-ranking European personalities, such as Javier Solana, Guy Verhofstadt, Erkii Liikanen and Philippe Busquin have made valuable contributions to this book. The authors set out to identify where we stand on defence and what remains to be done to help Europe evolve in the changing global context of the 21st century.
The focus of this book is on the fifteen-member European Union but its coverage extends to many other bodies which form part of today's Europe, such as the Council of Europe, the European Economic Area and Western European Union.